How to shoot a basketball in one motion

If you really want to fix your form, it all starts in close and you stay there for a long time. Thousands-of-shots a long time.

As much as you’re going to want to move back, think about the long-term. By rushing this process, you may create issues in other parts of your shot and as a result spend more time trying to fix multiple issues.

If you stay patient, put in a lot of perfect, intentional reps and stay committed, you’ll build the muscle memory in your shot needed to be a consistently good shooter.

I can’t stress this point enough. It’s one thing to get 500 shots up a day, it’s another thing to be completely locked in and shoot 500 intentional shots. While you’re shooting, you should focus only on how your body is shooting the basketball. Process how you're shooting the basketball so that you know how to repeat what you're doing or detect when you've made a mistake. 

By doing this, you’re not just getting shots up, you’re really working on your shot and your mind to develop the right muscle memory. Every rep counts.

If you’re doing all of these things right and you feel like something is still wrong, leave a comment below! 

by Rocky DeAndrade

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Basketball coaching hacks: how to score goals for beginners

Even if you are a novice basketball player, we will not give you a training plan, but we will tell you why the ball flies anywhere but into the ring and into your hands. It's all about technique: even with regular training and perseverance, novice adults and children often make simple mistakes. It's a shame, let's fix it. Below are 11 life hacks on how to hone your technique to increase the likelihood of a goal for your team.

Basketball Shot Rules for Beginners

1. Hands up

In pursuit of the attacker, raise your hands, even if you are standing with your back to the pass, and even more so if the ring is in front of you. Your raised hands will increase the chance of intercepting the ball from the opponent by 2 times. Don't overlook this little thing!

2. Make shield rolls

Even Tim Duncan did not neglect them! A square is drawn on the basketball backboard. If you are standing opposite the ring, then aim at the middle of the upper part of the square, if you are standing on the side, then at the corner. If you hit this square, then the ball is at 90% of cases will fall into the ring. The law of physics and no cheating!

3. Look at the ring, not at the ball

Practice driving the ball with your hand, not your eyes, develop tactile control. Your eyes should be on the hoop while dribbling and be aware of the position of your body in relation to the hoop. Then you will be able to take the correct posture, and the throw will be effective.

4. Dribble with the balls of your fingers only

The palm should not touch the ball, only the pads of the fingers. Dribbling should become familiar to you, like an extension of your hand. Then you can change its trajectory at any time and you will have more chances to score goals. Practice with the ball constantly.

5. Throw with one hand

If you throw the ball with two hands, you reduce the chance of hitting the basket. All the efforts of the throw are in one hand (in the right for right-handers, in the left for left-handers). The other hand only holds the ball, the leading one holds it with the fingers, not the palm.

6. Do not jump when protecting the ring

Jumping is the main mistake of rookie defenders. To intercept the ball and block the shot, simply stick out your hands. When you are in a jump, the attacker will easily bypass you.

7. Don't look back

When you dribble, don't look back, but dribble and aim for the ring, focus on shooting (or passing to another player on your team).

8. Bring the throw to automatism

Incorporate the most basic basketball techniques into your training plan and bring the shot to automatism. Throw first from a distance of half a meter from the ring, gradually increasing it. Learn to throw the ball so that it hits the hoop without touching the edge.

Throw the ball with all fives and jump

Throwing Rules:

• Head in the center of the body - if tilted, accuracy is lost.
• Look at the ring: mentally build a trajectory. If you are far away, the ball flies in a curved curve with a maximum height of 2 meters above the hoop.
• A strong hand is in front and throws, a weak hand is on the side and directs, only holding the ball. The elbow of the throwing hand must be in line with the ring.
• The ball must rest on the fingers without touching the palm. The fingers are as far apart as possible and grab the ball.
• Throwing arm bent 90 degrees, forearm perpendicular to the floor. If you bend less, then you get not a throw, but a throwing of the ball horizontally.

The main thing in the throw is the position of the body and its balance. Place your feet apart and parallel to each other: it is important to orient them in the middle of the basket. Then the direction of the body during the jump will coincide with the direction of the throw, and the ball will fly straight into the ring. When the feet are uneven, the ball flies in the wrong direction or does not reach (although the throw was normal).

Take a deep breath and release as you exhale.

How to hold the ball and shoot in basketball

How to throw correctly: straighten your arm, point your wrist up, and with your hand set the ball to rotate in the opposite direction from the flight. The ball should seem to "roll" off your fingers.

9. Copy masters and play as a team

Watch professional basketball games and try to copy the movements of your favorite players in training. And be sure to conduct game sparring - this will allow you to develop more techniques.

10. Do not throw in a straight line

The higher the arc of the ball, the greater the chance of a goal and the less chance of blocking by the opponent.

11. Do not throw the ball from a full height stand

This is the biggest newbie mistake!

Before the throw, bend your knees slightly and at the moment of the throw, straighten your body, making a jump. You need to straighten up and push off the ground at the same time. When squatting, keep the elbow of the throwing arm close to the body and towards the ring.

The jump will give momentum to the ball and will allow you not to make sudden movements with the brush.

***

And to be a long-term player, do not forget about your health: take care of your joints and muscles, use tapes, do a warm-up. And be sure to strengthen your arms, legs and shoulder girdle, develop coordination. Regular exercises on uneven bars and horizontal bars will help you with this.

How to throw a twisted ball - DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OF THE GOMEL CITY EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

In no other game does the spin of the ball play such a big role as in table tennis.

This is explained by the fact that a light celluloid ball has a relatively large surface with a relatively low weight. Due to this, it experiences significant air resistance in flight and the influence of rotation affects it very strongly, much stronger than, for example, on a soccer or hockey ball.

Not surprisingly, when playing outdoors in an unprotected area, even a slight gust of wind noticeably affects the flight of a table tennis ball.

Air resistance increases if the ball, in addition to translational motion, is also given rotational motion, and the ball's flight trajectory changes greatly under the influence of rotation. This is easy to verify.

Hit the ball without giving it any intentional spin and then make a second hit with the same force, giving the ball as much spin as possible.

The trajectory of the ball in this case will differ sharply from the trajectory of the first hit.

Therefore, the trajectory of the ball depends not only on the initial speed and direction of impact, but also on the rotation of the ball.

The appearance of a racket with a rubber surface made it possible to influence the trajectory of the ball precisely by changing the strength and nature of the rotation. Thanks to this, ping-pong turned from an uninteresting game into table tennis, into a full-fledged sports game with a wide variety of techniques and a wealth of tactical combinations.

In order to understand why this happened, and to evaluate the effect of ball spin on the technique of the game, consider the following specific case.

A ball below the net is being kicked without any spin being given to the ball. Such a blow is called flat. These strikes were typical of ping-pong in the past, since the rackets that existed at that time did not allow for a strong enough spin to be given to the ball.

Obviously, in this case, the player's options are very limited. If the impact is too strong, the ball will inevitably fly off the table (Fig. 8, lower trajectory). In order to change the trajectory of the ball, for example, to lengthen or shorten your answer to the opponent (Fig.

8, upper trajectory), there was only one way: to regulate the force of impact.

Fig. 8. When hitting the ball flat below the net, the impact force is limited

Indeed, before the advent of the racket with rubber, strong blows were made only on balls rebounding from the table above the level of the net. This greatly impoverished table tennis technique.

Racket covered with special rough or spongy rubber gives the ball a very strong spin.

And since the trajectory of the ball depends on the rotation, hits that were previously completely impossible became possible (fig. 9).

Fig. 9. Hard hitting a ball below the level of the table. A rubber-surfaced racquet imparts a spin to a ball below table level that keeps it within the table even when hit hard.

Modern game technique is largely based on the ability to spin the ball. The pace of the game, the strength and depth of shots (closer or farther from the net), the trajectory of the ball, the nature of the rebound (fast or slow, high or low, sluggish or swift) vary widely precisely by the rotation of the ball.

The better a player is at spinning the ball, the more varied his game.

It is not uncommon to see a beginner make mistake after mistake by not taking into account the ball's spin. Some of his balls systematically fly over the table, while others, on the contrary, go only to the net.

To understand why these errors occur, consider how the nature of the spin given to it affects the flight of the ball.

All types of ball rotation can theoretically be reduced to three main ones: top, bottom and side.

This classification is based on the above-described interaction between the ball and racket upon impact.

If the racket at the moment of hitting the ball is given some additional upward movement, then as a result of the interaction of the ball and the racket moving up, the ball receives rotation around the horizontal axis in the direction of its flight. This type of rotation is called top. We will call blows with top rotation twisted.

If the racket is moving downwards at the moment of contact with the ball, then the ball receives a different spin - in the direction opposite to the flight of the ball. Hence the rotation itself is called lower. Impacts with lower rotation will be called cut.

Finally, the third kind of spin, lateral spin, is imparted to the ball when the racket has a lateral movement at the moment of contact with the ball: from right to left or,. vice versa, from left to right. In accordance with this, the lateral rotation, in turn, is divided into right and left. Lateral rotation is characterized by a vertical axis of rotation.

However, practically no single type of rotation is used in its pure form. Both up and down rotation are usually accompanied by some degree of lateral rotation. The stronger the lateral rotation with its vertical axis of rotation, the more tilt the horizontal axis of the up or down rotation will receive.

We do not need to study in detail the interaction of all forces that affect the flight of the ball in the air. For our purposes - to study the technique of table tennis - it is quite enough to know the final result, which leads separately to the top, bottom and side rotation of the ball.

Top and bottom rotations are opposite in nature. They differ sharply in technique, in the nature of the flight of the ball, and, as we shall see later, in tactical application in the game. Therefore, it seems appropriate to consider these two types of rotation simultaneously, opposing them to each other.

Imagine a ball moving through the air. Air resists the movement of the ball, presses on its front wall.

If the ball is spinning, then this pressure will be lowest where the ball's rotation and the air resistance force coincide in direction (Fig. 10, point A).

The difference in pressure between the top and bottom halves of a spinning ball bends the line of flight of the ball in the direction of reduced pressure.

Obviously, the nature of the phenomenon remains exactly the same with any rotation of the ball, in whatever direction the ball moves.

In top spin, the pressure is less at the bottom and the ball seems to fall down, the line of flight of the ball is shortened and becomes steeper. This makes it possible to keep the ball within the table even with strong impacts on the falling ball, giving it top rotation (for example, in the case shown in Fig. 9).

With downspin, the top of the ball experiences less pressure, and we are dealing with the opposite phenomenon - downspin, counteracting gravity, slows down the ball's fall and makes the trajectory flatter.

A ball with strong top rotation, moving away from the racket after the impact, begins its flight relatively slowly, as if climbing an air mountain, after which it rapidly rolls down from it.

Having passed the highest point of ascent, the curved ball falls sharply and quickly onto the table; the stronger the rotation of the ball, the more pronounced this phenomenon.

Spin balls are characterized by a rapid high rebound from the table surface.

Downspin balls slow down noticeably as they approach the point of impact. With a sufficiently strong lower rotation, the ball seems to hang for a moment in the air, after which it falls powerlessly onto the table, having almost no forward movement. The rebound from the table surface of the cut balls is sluggish, low.

The different nature of the rebound of a twisted and cut ball is very well revealed when it is received with a simple racket stand with a flat half-fly shot or a push.

A twisted ball with a large reserve of energy, with a rapid high bounce, vigorously moves away from the racket and rushes up, going far beyond the table, if the top of the racket is not tilted forward to the net (fig. 11).

The cut ball lies heavily on the racket, as if sliding on its surface, trying to roll down to the surface of the table. Many cut balls, met with a simple stand of the racket, do not go to the side of the opponent at all, but fall into the net, if the racket is not given a translational motion with an inclination back from the net (Fig. 12).

Balls with top rotation - twisted - are used mainly in attack, as top rotation makes it possible to keep the ball within the table, despite the high impact force.

On the contrary, balls with bottom rotation - cut - are mainly used in defense, since after cutting the ball, with a good defensive hit, usually flies to the side of the opponent almost above the net itself and bounces low from the table surface, which makes it difficult to develop an attack.

A visual representation of the most typical trajectories of a ball with top and bottom rotations is given in Figs. 13 and 14, drawn up on the basis of a study of the kinograms.

Fig. Fig. 13. Typical flight curve of a curved ball. 14. Typical flight curve of a cut ball

A few words about lateral rotation. As already mentioned, lateral rotation in its pure form is not used. However, in order to study the effect of lateral rotation on the flight of the ball, we will consider this type of rotation in its purest form. This will help us understand how the flight of a twisted or cut ball is affected by the extra lateral rotation given to it.

Lateral rotation shifts the trajectory of the ball in the horizontal plane, due to the rotation of the ball around the vertical axis, it deviates somewhat to the side and bounces to the side. If the player, receiving the ball, does not take into account the influence of lateral rotation, then the ball will go sideways, off the table (Fig. 15).

Fig. 15. A side-spin ball deflected by a simple racket stand goes sideways.

Many players have more or less lateral rotation with all their shots.

The elements of lateral rotation introduced into a normal twist or cut shot rarely result in an immediate point scoring against a strong opponent; an experienced player recognizes the strength and direction of the ball's rotation by the movement of the opponent's racket and manages to take countermeasures.

At the same time, the systematic use of a sufficiently strong lateral rotation forces the opponent to be in constant tension, tires his attention, and prevents the player from making his best shots and building tactical combinations.

In conclusion, we give a small table that compares the characteristic features of the three types of rotation.

Skillfully combining the power of blows with the force and direction of rotation, a modern table tennis player has the ability to widely change the line of flight of the ball, attack the opponent with strong twisted shots from any ball, diversify the pace of the game, sending balls to the opponent with fast, high and strong bounce, sometimes with a slow and sluggish, then into the depth of the table, to the back line, then very short, to the grid itself, etc.

Learn how to hit a twisted ball?

The twisted ball is one of the most effective (and spectacular) shots known to both players and spectators. In skillful feet (yes, that's right), this is a weapon against which the goalkeeper is very difficult to resist.

There are cases when the goalkeeper "took" a twisted ball and literally flew into the goal with it (with a strong shot from close range) or caught it and ... let it go. As a result, another goal was recorded on the scoreboard.

The purpose of the article is to explain to beginners how to hit a twisted ball correctly.

Let's start with theory

1. The trajectory of the ball depends on the accuracy of the shot. Here, too, you need to aim.

2. A ball hit from the right will fly to the left. Accordingly, the rotation will be the same.

3. A ball hit from the left will fly to the right. Accordingly, it will rotate in the same way (to the right).

4. A ball hit with the inside of the foot will be well twisted and accurate. Are there other options? Of course. However, the ball will be less swirling. And it is much more difficult for many novice football players to master these blows.

Now - practice

Let's start with a run and determine the supporting leg. Let's say you're about to hit a spin ball with the inside of your foot. To do this, the run must be taken on the right, if it is convenient to beat with the left foot, and vice versa.

It is necessary to "estimate" the acceleration angle. Ideally - 45 ° (in relation to the ball). You can take a straight run, but you won’t be able to spin the ball well. The accuracy of the strike will also decrease.

Increasing the angle or distance can increase the rotation force.

Do not place your supporting leg too far at the beginning of training. However, too close a distance is very undesirable. During the strike, you should feel the balance, support.

How to hit a twisted ball? The blow should fall on its lower part. At the very moment of impact, the foot is carried to the far upper part of the ball. This is how it spins. All this takes a fraction of a second.

Spinning the ball around the axis will make the hit slip. Pay attention at this moment to the work of your knee - it should follow the blow after, giving additional power to the torsion and setting the trajectory.

Get ready for a long and hard workout. This is a pretty hard hit. Start working on it by defining a goal. In this capacity, any clearly visible object is suitable: a cone, a bottle, an ordinary stone. The main thing is not to drive the ball around the field just like that.

The aim will allow you to learn how to calculate the accuracy and power of the blow. Start with 10 meters, and you will determine the time for increasing the distance yourself. Agree, hitting the target (and even seeing the results) is much more convenient and pleasant than spinning the ball into nowhere. Make the ball spin first.

You will work on the strength and accuracy of your strike later.

Spin Throw in Pokémon GO increases the chance of catching

According to a statistical analysis published on TheSilphRoad website, Spin Throw increases the chance of catching a Pokémon in Pokémon GO! There has been a lot of controversy about this, but now the respected TheSilphRoad community has proven that a twisted throw really increases the chances of being caught.

On average, the chance to catch with a twisted throw is increased by 10%, but it all depends on the quality of your throw. Throws like “Nice” “Excellent” will greatly increase your chances of catching the coveted Pokémon.

Pokémon capture chances with normal and twisted throws

So, here is a table of bonuses for catching Pokemon for twisted pokeball throws.

No bonus	Nice	Great	Excellent
Plain	53.20%	57. 04%	63.79%	69.77%
Twisted	58.53%	68.69%	72.51%	82.22%
Difference	+5.33%	+11.65%	+8.72%	+12.45%

You can also see a visual graph of the Pokémon catch bonuses for using the twist throw and the quality of the throw.

“The 10 XP bonus caused some trainers to use the spin throw. But many were wondering: does a twisted throw increase the chance of catching a Pokemon?

TheSilphRoad researchers made several thousand throws as part of the experiment and confirmed:

A twisted throw increases the chance of catching a Pokémon!

"Nice" and "Great" rolls further increase this chance. Even though there wasn't enough information to calculate the chance of a catch on an "Excellent" twist roll, the community still entered this roll into the table based on the available data.

Have you noticed that Pokemon are caught more often with twisted throws and quality throws?

To stay up to date with important news from the world of Pokemon GO, follow us on social networks:

Learning to throw a ball: simple games for kids

games. They will have fun with their friends, practicing their technique and watching other kids throw. Games will also help them improve hand-eye coordination, fine motor skills and teamwork skills.

Why teach children to play with a ball?

• Throwing games improve hand-eye coordination. Good hand-eye coordination allows the child to better control their limbs, which makes it easier to interact with objects in the world around them.
• Throwing games improve gross and fine motor skills. The development of fine motor skills helps children gain the dexterity needed to complete complex tasks.
• Gross motor skills are essential for everyday tasks such as standing still, walking, running and jumping. Throwing games introduce children to sports and physical education. Throwing games are organized physical training sessions in which children must follow certain rules of the game. This gives the children in the group an idea of ​​what physical education and organized sports are all about. They will learn to memorize the rules and follow them during the game.
• Throwing is an essential part of many activities and sports. Children need to learn how to throw from above before they can play exciting games like basketball, dodgeball and even football.

A few tips for teaching the basics of the overhand throw

Have the child stand directly facing the target and hold the ball with their dominant hand. If he throws with his right hand, ask him to turn sideways towards the target with his left hand/foot in front and his right hand/foot behind. Ask him to put his feet shoulder-width apart.

Ask the student to raise his left hand so that it points to the target he wants to hit. At the same time, he should slightly transfer his weight to the supporting leg.

Then the child raises his throwing arm so that the ball is near his ear.

Finally, in one motion, he must shift his weight forward, lower his pointing arm, twist his torso, and raise his throwing arm forward to throw the ball.

Games

Sock and cardboard target

If this is your first time teaching a child to throw from above, consider using a rolled up sock and a cardboard target. The rolled sock is easy to handle, and it is unlikely to break anything and after a throw it will not roll far. Make a cardboard target for the child to try to hit. You can also use a cardboard box with a painted target on the bottom.

Dodgeball for beginners

A basic dodgeball game that young children can play when they are just learning to throw. To play, you will need a fence or wall at least 3–4 meters wide and a soft ball.

One child stands directly in front of the fence, with their back to it. The other stands at a distance of 4-5 meters from the fence. One of the players must throw the ball, trying to hit the child in front of the fence. Please note: the ball can only be directed at the feet!

The player in front of the fence must try to dodge the throw. If he succeeds, he gets one point. In case of failure, the other player gets a point and they switch positions.

The player in front of the fence may also catch the ball to score a point. The first person to earn 15 points wins! Use only a very soft ball to play so that no one gets hurt. As a rule, it is easier for children to master throwing from below.

Throwing training will allow children to start playing games such as bowling.

The underhand throw is simple:

• Have the child take the ball with their dominant hand.
• Turn the hand holding the ball back, then release the ball as it moves forward. When throwing, the child can also step forward with his foot (foot opposite the throwing hand).
• Remind the child to keep their eyes on the target.

Relay

An excellent exercise in which participants learn to throw and catch a ball.

Divide the site into three or four segments and assign a score to each segment. For example, if you divided the court into 4 segments, you can make three segments further down the court for 3, 5, and 7 points, respectively.

Divide the players into two teams that will stand on either side of the first segment in a line. Each team has a designated thrower who stands at the starting line of the court.

One player from each team enters the court and stands in one of the segments. If they catch the ball thrown to them, then their team receives the number of points corresponding to the segment.

Once the ball is caught, the thrower enters the court and stands in one of the segments. The player who caught the ball returns to the line of his team on the side of the court. The next player in the team line becomes the new thrower.

5 gears

An easy-to-learn game ideal for 10-15 year olds. The players of the two teams are randomly distributed around the court. The object of the game is simple - to complete 5 passes to the players of your team without dropping the ball and without giving the ball to the opponent. If a team manages to complete 5 passes, it puts the ball on the ground and scores a point.

Additional rules:

Players may not pass the ball back and forth between two players, it must go to the other players on the team. If the opposing team intercepts the ball or knocks it down during a pass, they intercept the ball. If the ball goes out of bounds, possession of the ball passes to the opponent.

Bouncers. Detective

A fun dodge ball game that many kids enjoy more than the standard game. Suitable for children from 1st to 8th grades.

Divide the children into two teams and ask them to line up on either side of the basketball court. When a player is hit, he must leave the court. He must remember who knocked him out, because when I knock out this player in turn, the knocked out player can return to the game.

This version is more fun - players need to remember who knocked out other players. If one managed to take out three people, he will become a very valuable target. For example, hitting him will allow three others to return to the court. This adds strategy to the dodgeball base game.

It's great to be healthy. 1-4 grades

The World Health Organization defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being" and not merely the absence of disease.

Therefore, the purpose of this manual is not just to tell children how to avoid illness, but also to contribute to their harmonious mental and physical development.

The manual contains tasks of various types, teaching younger students different ways of working with information; it also includes problematic case studies for joint discussion. In addition to tasks for children to work in a group, there are tasks focused on joint performance by children and adults.

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Pokemon GO guide. How to Throw Poké Balls Properly

In Pokemon GO , Poké Balls are your primary means of catching new Pokémon, but the process isn't always intuitive. It would seem that a simple movement actually requires a little practice and skill. In this guide, you will learn some tips on how to throw Poké Balls correctly and more effectively.

Arcs and corners Capture Pokémon more carefully. In the middle of the screen, as a rule, it is easiest to make a successful roll. Your throw forms an arc, so try to measure your effort and angle so that the ball hits exactly in the center.

While it's great to see Pokémon in the real world, turning on the built-in AR will make playing a lot easier. Once enabled, the Pokémon will always be in the center of the screen.

How to Dodge Most Pokémon can dodge or parry your throws. A great way to avoid this is to touch the ball to hold it and then throw it immediately after the Pokémon has done a dodge or parry.

Circle Pay attention to the color of the aiming circle. Green means that you will easily catch the Pokémon, but if the color is dark orange or even red, hunting will be more difficult. You may need to use a more advanced type of pokeball.

Speaking of centering the circle, you will notice that its size is always changing. Throw your ball to the center when the circle is as narrow as possible.

Twisted Ball When you put your finger on the Poké Ball, run your finger along the edges of the ball and this will make it spin, adding a twisting ball effect. If you catch a Pokémon this way, you will receive bonus points.

Big Balls Is it too hard to catch a higher level Pokémon? Don't worry, once you get to level 12, you'll get the Great Balls, which have a higher success rate.

Berries Is catching Pokémon still a problem? Use Razz Berry while hunting, which will make your task easier.

Scout's Trumps: How to Make Decisions Like the British Secret Service weapons, Saddam Hussein's only source of intelligence about weapons development programs. This source appeared in the documents of the CIA under the nickname Curly Ball. When Ava challenged the experts' belief in the information from this source, they, in her words, "looked at me the way pigs look at their wristwatches."

Not being a weapons specialist, Ava, as an experienced intelligence officer, felt that there might be problems with this source.

Her intervention was inevitably uncomfortable, not least because during this period pressure from the Bush administration was mounting to prepare for the invasion of Iraq and to justify the invasion by revealing the extent of Saddam's stockpiling of illegal weapons of mass destruction.

This campaign talked about Iraq's past use of bacteriological weapons—one of the most horrific, fatal and crippling diseases known to have been deliberately developed—and what was assessed as Iraq's current capability to produce such weapons. .

Curved Ball seemed to be the answer to the prayers of bioweapons experts. He was an Iraqi chemical engineer who ended up in a German refugee camp and claimed to have worked on Saddam Hussein's germ warfare programs and was willing to share those secrets.

To the old CIA and British MI6 operatives, he seemed to be someone who simply could not be.

The German Foreign Intelligence Service, BND, took over the leadership of the Ball Curve and shared nearly a hundred reports based on its information to US and British military intelligence between January 2000 and September 2001.

The most important detail of this information was that, according to Spinball, Iraq had built several mobile biological weapons production plants and that one of these plants began producing lethal bacteriological components as early as 1997.

A diagram of a truck modified for use as a mobile bioweapon production facility based on Spin Ball's information was even included in US Secretary of State Colin Powell's presentation to the UN Security Council as part of the American justification for war.

The problem was that these mobile bacteriological weapons production facilities simply didn't exist - Spin Ball made them up. And the experts believed his stories.

After the war, Curved Ball (real name Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi) was sought out by journalists. He admitted that he lied in his reports and said he was shocked at how his lies were being used to justify the war.

He confessed to fabricating stories about mobile germ warfare plants and clandestine factories in an attempt to overthrow Saddam Hussein's regime from which he was fleeing. Curly Ball also added: “Maybe I was right, maybe I was wrong… but they gave me this chance.

I had a chance to fabricate something to overthrow the regime. I and my sons are proud of this…”.

Before the invasion of Iraq in 2003, CIA and MI6 intelligence specialists began to doubt the reliability of the Curved Ball, not least Ava, quoted above, and her colleagues in London.

Although they believed that most of Spinball's reports were technically correct (he was a chemical engineer, after all), they were not convinced that he was a completely reliable source, since not all of his reports were verified.

And his behavior seemed to them typical of people whom the intelligence services usually evaluate as disinformers.

One of the obstacles in verifying their suspicions was that the BND Germans did not give American or British intelligence analysts direct access to the Spin Ball. Analysts did not know if he was offered any benefits - for example, a German passport and assistance in moving to Germany for permanent residence.

Neither the Americans nor the British knew how the interrogations of Curved Ball were conducted at all. They wondered if the witness had been inadvertently misled into inferring what American analysts most want to know, and therefore what information would please them the most, is the perennial problem with defectors.

There were rumors about his problems with alcohol. Several inconsistencies were found in the reports of the Curved Ball, which increased doubts about its reliability. It was also alarming that the quality of the intelligence information he provided seemed to improve over time.

Perhaps it was his growing confidence in the good intentions of those who asked him questions, but perhaps he was considering what to say in order to receive a better reward.

US and UK intelligence agencies have made great efforts to check the Curved Ball. A study of his biography and university documents showed that he did indeed study in Iraq as a chemical engineer.

He was known to have taken part in the Iraqi biological weapons program in 1990. On the one hand, this made his reports of what was happening completely reliable from a technical point of view.

On the other hand, if there was a desire, it put him in an ideal position for exaggerations or even misinformation.

In London, analysts were studying aerial photographs of Iraq, trying to locate the sites of these forbidden minings described by Spinning Ball, to see if his stories were confirmed. One of the positions seemed to be on the wrong side of the river that Curved Ball was talking about - perhaps this was an incorrect detail of his memory.

His description in the report of the year of the plant involved, according to him, in the program for the development of mobile installations for the production of bacteriological weapons, was refuted by the image. There was a wall in the picture blocking the view of what Spinball claimed were mobile installations.

Intelligence analysts attributed this discrepancy to the assumption that the wall seen in the images could be temporary and built by the Iraqis to deceive US satellite intelligence. In another case, Iraq was alleged to have filled the warheads with bacteriological components at a transport facility near Baghdad.

When the images failed to detect mobile biological weapons systems at the site, analysts suggested that this was another example of Iraq hiding its activities from US photo-reconnaissance satellites.

It is the human tendency to seek or interpret information in a way that confirms one's prejudices. We are pleased to think that the incoming information confirms our previous beliefs. Psychologists call this the confirmation trap.

The confirmation trap is exacerbated by people's tendency to violently reject information that contradicts their previous beliefs (sometimes called rebuttal bias), while at the same time accepting too easily and without criticism information that is consistent with their preconceptions.

Giving too much weight to Spun Ball's reports of bacteriological weapons was not the only mistake Western intelligence made when attempting to assess the state of Iraq's capabilities. Analysts have also misinterpreted intelligence reports about Saddam Hussein's chemical weapons programs.

Analysts misled themselves, not in this case through deliberate deception, but through a series of individual and collective cognitive errors.

Taught by the bitter experience of how Saddam deceived them about the extent of his ability to develop weapons of mass destruction, as discovered by UN inspectors after the first Gulf War, analysts strongly suggest that he played the same game in the year.

They found it possible to dismiss the opposite indications that Iraq might not be actively pursuing its prohibited programs by attributing these figures to Iraq's well-known deceptive and cunning practices. The view that Saddam should cover up prohibited materials not handed over since the first Gulf War of the year has become common to all Western intelligence agencies.

Such was the strength of this pre-war "groupthink" that when UN inspectors eventually returned to Iraq in 1999, American and British analysts were slow to openly admit their secret thoughts to their bosses and to each other. Namely, the reason why the inspectors did not find the predicted stocks of chemical and bacteriological weapons and materials for their production was that none of this existed inside Iraq.

As can be seen from a historical distance, the key lesson in this story was that the Bush and Blair governments failed to distinguish between the part of intelligence assessments that was based on hard evidence (for example, missile tests banned by Saddam) and those that were which was based on assumptions and assumptions made by analysts who were confident that they already knew the answer in advance. When Colin Powell lectured to CIA analysts after the war, he said that in the future he would like them to “tell me what they know. And what they don't know. And what they think. He was interrupted by a very experienced analyst who added: "And let them clarify which is which."

Another obvious conclusion is that once suspicion takes root in the mind, it breeds more suspicion.

Saddam Hussein found out about this in the year when he tried to convince the West that he no longer had the chemical and bacteriological weapons he had used against Iran and against his own people.

Moreover, he claimed that he went to the destruction of such weapons earlier, but simply concealed this fact.

His assurances to the West that work on these programs had stopped (although he did not comply with the UN requirements that his former production capabilities in this area be fully taken into account) were rejected - and this is not surprising. As CIA director George Tenet wrote in his memoirs: “Before the war, we did not understand that he was bluffing, and he did not understand that we were not bluffing.”

The Need to Verify Our Inferences

The errors in Iraqi intelligence estimates were not the result of intelligence analysts deliberately politicizing intelligence to please their clientele.

They stemmed from the mind's great capacity for self-deception and archaic thinking - we assume that we see what we want to see, on an emotional level and deep down.

Then it is natural to find reasons to rationalize this belief.

One of the benefits of using the four-part REAB methodology, as discussed in the chapters of Part I, is that it makes it easier to identify at each level those cognitive biases that make us see what we want to see.

We met this phenomenon in the chapter on the example of how the British services during the Second World War fooled the German High Command by supplying it with information they wanted to believe.

We saw another form of cognitive bias in the chapter , where politicians who want to stay out of the war resisted viewing the developing conflict in Bosnia as a potential act of genocide.

In the chapter, we identified a cognitive problem on the part of Western analysts who failed to predict how the communist regime in Moscow would react to the reform movement in Czechoslovakia in the year. We gave an example in the chapter where the head of Israel's military intelligence convinced himself that he had a way to get strategic notification of Egypt's readiness to consider an attack on Israel—and this mistake of imagination proved almost fatal to the State of Israel.

The vulnerability of analysts to cognitive biases was systematically studied in the 1990s and 1990s by Richards "Dick" Hoyer, a longtime CIA intelligence officer with years of experience.

In his major work, The Psychology of Intelligence Analytics, Hoyer warned that prior knowledge of the prevalence of individual cognitive biases does not seem to stop people falling under its spell. He argued that, therefore, systematic reviews should be introduced to manage risks that reveal these biases.

After a high-level investigation of the intelligence's apparent failure to generate a proper warning before the Yom Kippur War, the Israeli government established a permanent "devil's advocate" group in military intelligence, staffed by the best analysts.

This group has the necessary direct access to the Prime Minister and the power to form an opinion contrary to the orthodox one and is expected to adopt it. The group's motto is "Ipha Mistabra" and is translated from Aramaic as "perhaps it's the other way around."

The good news is that there is a large body of experimental psychological research, as well as government and business experience in studying and analyzing many cognitive pitfalls and illusions, whether at the level of the individual, work group or organization:

Individual. Cognitive and emotional biases affect us as individuals - it's part of being human.

These prejudices are usually not obvious to us at the time of their occurrence, but a good leader or colleague will understand them with a certain degree of probability, having analyzed and seen from the outside.

Understandably, it can be difficult for us to recognize how our reasoning could be influenced by something without being aware of this process.

Group. Groups can develop their own distinct dynamics, the equivalent of a collective personality that is more than just the sum of the personalities of each of us in the group.

Members of the group both consciously and unconsciously exert mutual influence on each other, for example, they force them to conformity or to strive for closeness.

The existence of such distinctive group behavior has been established in many therapeutic situations by psychologists and psychoanalysts - for example, in relation to hostile feelings towards the "outgroup", that is, those who are not members of this group.

Organization. Internal processes, rules, hierarchies, and power structures can unconsciously influence the judgments and decisions made by the analysis team, just as they can influence how an organization interacts with stakeholders or the public.

Dynamics at the level of an organization stem from how those within an organization have internalized its culture, history, and structure.

There may be complex psychological relationships between different groups of people within an organization, such as between intelligence analysts and politicians, generalists and subject matter experts, civilians and military personnel.

There may also be dynamics generated by how an organization interacts with other organizations, such as the inevitable differences in perspective between law enforcement and intelligence agencies working on the same threat. These influences are difficult to pinpoint for those who are fully accustomed to living within an organization's culture. Criticism of the traditions of the organization is rejected, as a rule, with the words "this is exactly how everything is done here."

Physicists explained how to properly throw objects at the target

The most difficult thing is to be fast and accurate at the same time. If you can do this, then you are a real Homo sapiens

We all throw something somewhere from time to time, whether it's a basketball that should hit the ring, or crumpled paper that should end up in the trash can. The ability to accurately hit a target with a thrown object is one of the features that distinguish a person from other animals.

Of our smaller brothers, only monkeys can throw themselves, but they are much worse at it. And how does it work for us? How to properly hold the thrown object? To what speed should it be accelerated? At what point to let go? Yale University physicists published an article about this on April 26 in the journal Royal Society Open Science.

Researchers also explain why certain throwing strategies work best for certain tasks.

One of the common views is that the more speed the thrower gives to the object, the more difficult it is to choose the right moment of release when the projectile will fly exactly on the target.

But lead author Madhusudhan Venkadesan, based on the results of his research, states that even if a person has equally good control over the moment of throwing at all speeds, ever faster throws will be less and less accurate.

When thrown at high speed, the projectile moves along a more direct trajectory and errors in choosing the angle at which the flight starts are more important for its result. Small errors in the choice of throw speed have a much smaller impact on hitting the target.

For slow throws, the opposite is true: the projectile moves along a highly curved trajectory, and small errors in the definition of the launch angle have little effect on hitting the target. This balance of magnitude generally contributes to slower throws, says Venkadesan.

It's easier to throw.

“We find that the slowest arc is often the most accurate,” he says. “Once you launch the ball, there is nothing else you can do. The ball will simply fly along the chosen trajectory.

Of course, throwing at the minimum speed is not suitable for most athletes, not to mention our distant ancestors who achieved evolutionary success thanks to throwing stones and spears.

“You don't just want to be fast or accurate, you want to be fast and accurate, and our research says this is particularly difficult. The faster you throw an item, the less accurate you are. How to be fast and accurate? This is a problem that we are investigating,” says Venkadesan.

With regard to the question of whether it is better to hold the thrown projectile, from above or below, the authors argue that the correct choice depends on many factors, such as shape, height and distance to the target. For example, experienced darts players throw from above.

It is optimal to release the dart at an elevation of 17 to 37 degrees before the hand is vertical, at a speed of about 5.5 m/s.

On the other hand, if your wastebasket is below shoulder level, then carefully throwing an object in the palm of your hand is your best strategy.

Even without calculations, most people choose ways that are close to mathematically optimal, Venkadesan notes, while adding that this is most likely the result of learning by trial and error throughout our lives.

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