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How has basketball evolved over time
Here's the history of basketball—from peach baskets in Springfield to global phenomenon
James Naismith, a Canadian American physical educator and innovator, invented the game of basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1891 to keep his students active during the winter. The game was an immediate success and the original American sport spread instantly to other colleges and YMCAs. Naismith is pictured here with his wife Maude Evelyn Sherman Naismith.
Photograph via Agefotostock / Alamy Stock Photo
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The nets used by athletes to dunk the ball and score points in the beloved game of basketball evolved from peaches, or rather the baskets used to collect peaches.
That’s what a young athletic director ultimately used on a cold day back in 1891 for a new game he created to keep his students engaged.
James Naismith was a 31-year old graduate student teaching physical education at the International YMCA Training School, now known as Springfield College, in Springfield, Massachusetts when students were forced to stay indoors for days due to a New England storm. The usual winter athletic activities were marching, calisthenics, and apparatus work but they weren’t nearly as thrilling as football or lacrosse which were played during the warmer seasons.
James Naismith, the creator of basketball, stands with the 1899 University of Kansas basketball team.
Photography via Florida Historical 1A / Alamy Stock Photo
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Naismith wanted to create a game that would be simple to understand but complex enough to be interesting. The game had to be playable indoors, and it had to accommodate several players at once. The game also needed to provide plenty of exercise for the students, yet without the physicality of football, soccer, or rugby since those would threaten more severe injuries if played in a confined space. (See 100 years of football in pictures.)
Naismith approached the school janitor, hoping he could find two square boxes to use for goals. When the janitor came back from his search, he had two peach baskets instead. Naismith nailed the peach baskets to the lower rail of the gymnasium balcony, one on each side. The height of that lower balcony rail happened to be 10 feet. The students would play on teams to try to get the ball into their team’s basket. A person was stationed at each end of the balcony to retrieve the ball from the basket and put it back into play.
The first game ever played between students was a complete brawl.
Two boys stand on the first basketball court in the gymnasium of the School for Christian Workers, Springfield, Massachusetts, 1900s.
Photograph via. Hulton Archive/Getty Images
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“The boys began tackling, kicking and punching in the crunches, they ended up in a free for all in the middle of the gym floor before I could pull them apart,” Naismith said during a January 1939 radio program on WOR in New York City called We the People, his only known recording. “One boy was knocked out. Several of them had black eyes and one had a dislocated shoulder.” Naismith said. “After that first match, I was afraid they'd kill each other, but they kept nagging me to let them play again so I made up some more rules.”
The humble beginnings of the only professional sport to originate in the United States laid the foundation for today’s multi-billion-dollar business. The current National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) March Madness college basketball tournament includes the best 68 of more than 1,000 college teams, stadiums that seat tens of thousands of spectators and lucrative television contracts.
Details of the original 1891 copy of the rules of "Basket Ball" are presented at Sotheby's auction house December 3, 2010 in New York City. The two-page document sold for $4.3 million.
Photograph by Chris Hondros, Getty Images
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Original rules of the game
Naismith didn’t create all of the rules at once, but continued to modify them into what are now known as the original 13 rules. Some are still part of the modern game today. Naismith’s original rules of the game sold at auction in 2010 for $4.3 million.
In the original rules: The ball could be thrown in any direction with one or both hands, never a fist. A player could not run with the ball but had to throw it from the spot where it was caught. Players were not allowed to push, trip or strike their opponents. The first infringement was considered a foul. A second foul would disqualify a player until the next goal was made. But if there was evidence that a player intended to injure an opponent, the player would be disqualified for the whole game.
Umpires served as judges for the game, made note of fouls and had the power to disqualify players. They decided when the ball was in bounds, to which side it belonged, and managed the time. Umpires decided when a goal had been made and kept track of the goals.
If a team made three consecutive fouls, the opposing team would be allowed a goal.
A goal was made when the ball was thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stayed there. If the ball rested on the edges, and the opponent moved the basket, it would count as a goal. When the ball went out of bounds, it was thrown into the field of play by the person first touching it. The person throwing the ball was allowed five seconds; if he held it longer, the ball would go to the opponent. In case of a dispute, an umpire would throw the ball straight into the field. If any side persisted in delaying the game, the umpire would call a foul on that side.
The length of a game was two 15-minute halves, with five minutes' rest between. The team making the most goals within the allotted time was declared the winner. If a game was tied, it could be continued until another goal was made.
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Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.
Left: University of Kansas women's basketball team members Marcella Morewitz, left, and Grace Endicott get expert coaching from Dr. James Naismith, a member of the university's faculty and inventor of basketball, in 1926.
Photograph by George Rinhart, Corbis/Getty Images
Right: Olivia Nelson-Ododa (#20) of the University of Connecticut Huskies goes up for a basket against Digna Strautmane (#45) of the Syracuse Orange during the second round of the 2021 NCAA Women’s Basketball Tournament at the Alamodome on March 23, 2021 in San Antonio, Texas. UCONN won the game and advanced to the Sweet 16. The Huskies have won more NCAA championships than any other women's basketball team in the nation. They cut down the nets, an honor for the winning team, in 1995, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016.
Photograph by Carmen Mandato, Getty Images
First public games
The first public game of basketball was played in a YMCA gymnasium and was recorded by the Springfield Republican on March 12th, 1892. The instructors played against the students. Around 200 spectators attended to discover this new sport they had never heard of or seen before. In the story published by the Republican, the teachers were credited with “agility” but the student’s “science” is what led them to defeat the teachers 5-1.
Within weeks the sport’s popularity grew rapidly. Students attending other schools introduced the game at their own YMCAs. The original rules were printed in a college magazine, which was mailed to YMCAs across the country. With the colleges’ well-represented international student body the sport also was introduced to many foreign nations. High schools began to introduce the new game, and by 1905, basketball was officially recognized as a permanent winter sport.
The first intercollegiate basketball game between two schools is disputed, according to the NCAA. In 1893, two school newspaper articles were published chronicling separate recordings of collegiate basketball games facing an opposing college team.
In 1892, less than a year after Naismith created the sport, Smith College gymnastics instructor Senda Berenson, introduced the game to women’s athletics. The first recorded intercollegiate game between women took place between Stanford University and University of California at Berkeley in 1896.
With the sport’s growth in popularity, it gained notice from the International Olympic Committee and was introduced at the 1904 Olympic Games in St. Louis as a demonstration event. It wasn’t until 1936 that basketball was recognized as a medal event. Women’s basketball wasn’t included as an Olympic medal event until the 1976 Montreal games. (Wheelchair basketball in Cambodia changed these women's lives.)
Jim Baechtold (10) of the New York Knickerbockers and Bob Brannum (18) of the Boston Celtics try to get a rebound in the first quarter of a March 16, 1954 NBA playoff game at the Boston Garden. Others in the picture are Celtics Chuck Cooper (11) center, and Bob Cousy (14) left. In 1950, Cooper was the first Black basketball player drafted by an NBA team.
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As the sport continued its rapid spread, professional leagues began to form across the United States. Basketball fans cheered on their new hometown teams. The first professional league was the National Basketball League (NBL) formed in 1898, comprised of six teams in the northeast. The league only lasted about five years. After it dissolved in 1904, the league would be reintroduced 33 years later in 1937 with an entirely new support system, with Goodyear, Firestone, and General Electric corporations as the league owners, and 13 teams.
While professional sports leagues gained nationwide attention, college basketball was also a major fixture. The first NCAA tournament, which included eight teams, was held in 1939 at Northwestern University. The first collegiate basketball national champion was the University of Oregon. The team defeated Ohio State University.
Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.
Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.
Left: Villagers watch a basketball game at Yangping Village in Yuncheng, Shanxi Province, China on July 12, 2020.
Photograph by Shi Yunping, VCG / Getty Images
Right: Oklahoma City Thunder player Steven Adams (12) rebounds in a game against the Portland Trail Blazers at Chesapeake Energy Arena in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, on April 21, 2019.
Photograph by Greg Nelson, Sports Illustrated / Getty Images
Like most of the United States in the early to mid 1900s, basketball was segregated. The sport wouldn’t be integrated until 1950 when Chuck Cooper was drafted by the Boston Celtics. Prior to Cooper being drafted there were groups of black teams across the country, commonly known as “the black fives”, which referred to the five starting players on a basketball team. All-black teams were often referred to as colored quints or Negro cagers. The teams flourished in New York City, Washington, D.C., Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Chicago, and in other cities with substantial African American populations. They were amateur, semi-professional, and professional.
Of the more than 1,000 collegiate basketball teams across all divisions of the NCAA, 68 teams play in the annual March Madness tournament. The best college teams from each conference around the country compete for a place in the Sweet 16, Elite Eight, Final Four and, ultimately, the national championship. Though basketball might not be played the same way as it was when Naismith invented it—peach baskets have been replaced with nets, metal hoops and plexiglass blackboards—its evolution proves that the game has transcended a century.
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How Has Basketball Changed Over 125 Years? Here Are The 13 Original Rules | by NBA Referees
Today is a special day in the history of basketball. On this day, December 21st, in 1891, the first basketball game was played in Springfield, Massachusetts.
Created by Canadian-born Dr. James Naismith, basket ball, had 13 original rules. The sport has evolved and modified in many ways over the past 125 years, but today’s rules have the same fundamental principles as Naismith intended in 1891.
Dr. James Naismith earned his degree in Physical Education from McGill University before departing to America in 1890. Later that year, he enrolled at Springfield College in Massachusetts, known at the time as the YMCA Training School. During his second year of graduate school, Naismith attended a Psychology of Play seminar taught by Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick, the superintendent of physical education at the College. Gulick tasked the attendees with creating a non-violent game that could be played indoors during the cold winter months. The original intention of the new game was to keep restless students in shape in between the fall and spring sports seasons.
In the fall of 1891, after modifying several other sports including a childhood game called duck on a rock, basket ball was born. Originally, basket ball had 13 rules and was played with two peach baskets as goals. There was only 1 point scored in the first game in Springfield.
One of the biggest differences between Naismith’s game 125 years ago and basketball today is that the original game had no dribbling. Players had to throw the ball from the spot on which they caught it, allowing the man in motion catching the ball just a few steps. Another difference was that if either team committed three consecutive fouls, it counted as a “goal” for the opponent. Although this rule no longer exists, if either team commits five fouls in a quarter, the offending team is in the penalty and the fouled team has the opportunity to shoot free throws.
Although, the game has greatly advanced — now played in over 200 countries — from its first days in 1891, the authenticity of Naismith’s original idea has endured. See the original 13 rules below:
1. The Ball may be thrown in any direction by one or both hands.
2. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands (never with the fist).
3. A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, allowance to be made for man who catches the ball when running, if he tries to stop.
4. The ball must be held by the hands; the arms or body must not be used for holding it.
5. No shouldering, holding, pushing, tripping, or striking in any way the person of an opponent shall be allowed; the first infringement of the rule by any player shall count as a foul, the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made, or if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole game, no substitute allowed.
6. A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violation of rules 3, 4, and such as described in rule 5.
7. If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count a goal for the opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the meantime making a foul. )
8. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stays there, providing those defending the goal do not touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal.
9. When the ball goes out of bounds it shall be thrown into the field of play by the person first touching it. In case of a dispute the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds; if he holds it longer it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on that team.
10. The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have the power to disqualify men according to rule 5.
11. The referee shall be the judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal has been made, and keep account of the goals, with any other duties that are usually performed by the referee.
12. The time shall be two 15-minute halves, with 5 minutes rest between.
13. The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner. In case of a draw, the game may be by mutual agreement, be continued until another goal is made.
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Out of the rules. Players-reformers of the NBA
Reviewer Sportbox.ru tells about the five great basketball players in the history of the National Basketball Association, who, with their uniqueness and phenomenality, forced the leadership of the league to change the rules of the game.
There are rules in every game, but this does not mean that they are the game itself. Rules are just a framework that changes over time. He sags under the influence of new technical achievements, the demands of the public or athletes whose physical data and personality are too non-standard, too large to be subject to laws. In such cases, the system yields pliantly, realizing that the value of such athletes, not only for the game, but also for history, is too significant to be neglected. Even now, the rules of basketball are changing, it's just not as noticeable today as when the game was just being structured, and that's when many of the laws that seem ordinary to us today evolved thanks to or in spite of these people.
George Maykan
Position: Center
Activity: 1946-1956
Changes in the Rules: Expansion of the three-second zone, Blocks of
Service may seem funny to someone, but in a funny but in a funny a league where the names of centers Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, Hakim Olajuwon and Shaquille O'Neal are revered, by and large, it all started with a paper-white Illinois native.
"George Mikan started it all," Shak repeatedly pointed out the importance of Mikan. 208 cm height today does not seem like a sufficient reason why you can change the rules of basketball, but with his height, Maikan was so large (111 kg) and mobile that he reigned supreme inside the three-second zone. In order to somehow try to equalize the chances of his opponents, in 1951 the league expanded the limits of space near the ring.
But even this was not enough. In those days, the throwing technique was different, and many basketball players attacked the basket without a jump, actually from an inert state. It wasn't too difficult for Mikan to jump out and not just block shots, but actually take the ball out of the flight path. Therefore, the leadership of the NBA once again had to go to the trick and forbid touching the ball after it passed the highest point of its flight phase.
To say that this made it possible to reason with Maikan is only a bit of a stretch. George began to use other elements of his offensive arsenal more often, which allowed him to grow into a more versatile basketball player and go down in NBA history as the first dominant center.
Wilt Chamberlain
Position: center
Activity period: 1959 – 1973
Rule changes: three-second zone expansion, free kick rules
For his time, the Big Diver (nickname Wilt got because of his habit of bending down when entering doors) was an alien, for our time - half-human, half-myth. 100 points in one game, 55 rebounds in one game, with dimensions of 216 cm and 125 kg, he remained the best assistant in the league for a whole season.
It was created for the sport as such, it was cramped within the framework of any one kind. If Mikan is rightly called the dominant player in basketball, then Wilt can hardly be limited. At school, he was an excellent runner, an excellent swimmer, an outstanding track and field athlete, but in the end he chose basketball. Including because, according to Wilt, there is room for creativity in this game.
Quite possible for Wilt, but his rivals had no room for creativity or resistance at all, so in 1964 the league again had to expand the three-second zone. But this was not the most revolutionary change associated with the Chamberlain name. Since free kicks were never his forte, Wilt invented the following way of breaking: he stood on the line, threw the ball into the backboard, then took two steps, jumped out and, catching the rebounded ball in the air, stuck it into the ring. In other words, what is now a show-piece in an All-Star game or a dunk contest was for Chamberlain a regular gaming routine.
Naturally, with the size of Wilt, the implementation of such free throws was one hundred percent, and therefore, in order to somehow reinforce the broken record holder, the NBA introduced a rule according to which during the breaking of fouls it is impossible to cross the free throw line. This, of course, spoiled Chamberlain's statistics, but it entered the folklore of the NBA and became one of the numerous confirmations of the uniqueness of this basketball giant.
Darryl Dawkins
Position: Center
Period of activity: 1975 - 2000
Rule changes: change in the design and materials of the basketball backboard
It's just that Daryl Dawkins, nicknamed Chocolate Thunder (which, incidentally, was given to him by the legendary singer Stevie Wonder), very much liked to hit from above. I loved it very much and very much. In the late 70s and early 80s, there wasn't a man in the NBA who - pardon the pun - had more broken shields than Dawkins.
The fans were squealing with delight, while Dawkins, meanwhile, got the hang of coming up with a name for almost every dunk: “Dr. . As for the "Splinter Rain", the bosses of the NBA were not too happy that after such tricks the basketball players complained of minor wounds, cuts, and the matches themselves had to be stopped due to the replacement of the shield. All this took too much time and money, so it was decided to equip the structure with more massive supports, and the shield surface itself was made of extra strong plexiglass.
Of course, Dawkins continued to multiply his dunks, but now if he shattered the shield, it crumbled into small, rounded pieces that created much less potential threat than before.
Shakil O'Neill
Position: Center
Activity: 1992 - 2011
Changes in the Rules: Grace Defense
Game of O'NILE FRIEND FRIEN impact on basketball we all have yet to come over time. With all his accomplishments, antics and jumps, Shaq, meanwhile, is the only center since Wilt Chamberlain to have so dominated his opponents.
Starting from the mid-90s, when, as in the case of Dawkins, Shaq had to change the principles of installation and production of basketball backboards (he did not just break the backboards, the main posts of the entire structure were folded twice), and ending with the 2000s When O'Neal brought about the reform of the zone defense rule, Diesel was the determining factor in many processes throughout the league.
Before Shaq was in the NBA, you couldn't double-team against a basketball player who didn't have the ball. With the arrival of O'Neal, everything changed, he was too overall and agile to be guarded by one person, Shaq playfully dealt with the poor fellow one on one and knocked the ball in from above.
As with its illustrious predecessors, the NBA is not left out. The league allowed zone defense, in which one player interfered directly with Shaq, and the second, standing in front of him, prevented the post from delivering the ball, in fact, they played two against one. Together with the simple method of "Hack a Shaq" - "Foul on Shaq", this gave some trump cards to the teams against which O'Neal played. But even under those conditions, he managed to pound the league's best centers for most of his career.
Mark Jackson
Position: playing
Activity: 1987 - 2004
Changes in the Rules : Rule 5 seconds Mark Jackson
Gabarits can play a decisive role, even if you represent the same low -growing caste basketball players. Point guard Mark Jackson did not really stand out with his 185 centimeters against the backdrop of the growing and growing NBA of the 90s, but he used what he had quite skillfully and sometimes so often that his tricks forced the NBA to impose limits again.
Against point guards who were smaller than him, Jackson used the following simple technique: he simply stood with his back to them and began to push in the manner of a real center. When the time for possession was slowly coming to an end, and Jackson was pushing his opponent almost close to the ring, the rivals assigned the second basketball player to Mark's guardianship, and he, in turn, quite reasonably passed to a free player.
When the janitor came back from his search, he had two peach baskets instead. Naismith nailed the peach baskets to the lower rail of the gymnasium balcony, one on each side. The height of that lower balcony rail happened to be 10 feet. The students would play on teams to try to get the ball into their team’s basket. A person was stationed at each end of the balcony to retrieve the ball from the basket and put it back into play.
“One boy was knocked out. Several of them had black eyes and one had a dislocated shoulder.” Naismith said. “After that first match, I was afraid they'd kill each other, but they kept nagging me to let them play again so I made up some more rules.”
Some are still part of the modern game today. Naismith’s original rules of the game sold at auction in 2010 for $4.3 million.
If the ball rested on the edges, and the opponent moved the basket, it would count as a goal. When the ball went out of bounds, it was thrown into the field of play by the person first touching it. The person throwing the ball was allowed five seconds; if he held it longer, the ball would go to the opponent. In case of a dispute, an umpire would throw the ball straight into the field. If any side persisted in delaying the game, the umpire would call a foul on that side.
James Naismith, a member of the university's faculty and inventor of basketball, in 1926.
The instructors played against the students. Around 200 spectators attended to discover this new sport they had never heard of or seen before. In the story published by the Republican, the teachers were credited with “agility” but the student’s “science” is what led them to defeat the teachers 5-1.
In 1950, Cooper was the first Black basketball player drafted by an NBA team.
All-black teams were often referred to as colored quints or Negro cagers. The teams flourished in New York City, Washington, D.C., Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Chicago, and in other cities with substantial African American populations. They were amateur, semi-professional, and professional.
com/explore/itineraries/basketball/
See the original 13 rules below:
)
He shall decide when a goal has been made, and keep account of the goals, with any other duties that are usually performed by the referee.
Methodically and scrupulously, ideas are being planted in our heads that homosexuality is not only normal, but also good. Being transgender is a gift that every adult and child should definitely use. Violence is a casual glance at the opposite sex, and racism is the desire of a white man to have the same rights as a black man who calls for his exclusivity because of a 400-year-old resentment. How do you like such an imposed equality in which you will never be equal? They talk about tolerance for a different worldview, but fiercely and zealously fight for their own. They call the minority the majority, hiding behind the assessment of human rights and freedoms. 
Your entry into any company a priori gives it new contracts, increased attention, additional revenue. Colleagues in the shop are watching you intently and with admiration, competitors are biting their elbows with envy. Even if you get sick "overtime", no one will go in cycles in your sick days - the main thing is that you are healthy and rosy. And then one day, with a bold swing of your foot, you take out the door of your general manager with a request ... no, with a demand to fire, say, his commercial and chief accountant. Simply because you do not find this union promising and do not see it next to you. 
" In this article, using basketball-reference (at the end I realized that the statistics there may not be the most accurate, but it accurately reflects the essence and trends), Excel and, of course, science, I looked at how many minutes our domestic professional clubs allocated to Russian players for the game. And those minutes were few. In fact, our top clubs were ready to give the Russians only a quarter of the total playing time. I also looked at how many young basketball players the teams are using. And, surprise, there weren't too many of them. I also looked at the budgets of the clubs and made sure that everyone already knows that basketball in Russia lives purely thanks to sponsorship money and donations. 
Today I will try to fully review all the actions and significant statements that have been made this year. So without further preludes, let's get started! 
How and for what they put the players behind bars in the country of the all-seeing eye, in which the logs are stubbornly ignored. 90,031 of the League's strongest rookies that year, whose talent Phoenix hoped in vain. For six incomplete seasons, the seven-footer managed to play for the Suns, Detroit and San Antonio. As part of the Bad Boys, being a passenger of a famous squad, he even won the NBA championship 1990. True, he never found fame anywhere, only periodically appearing on the court, dropping out of the Spurs rotation in his last professional year. Bedford got hooked on drugs, never being able to reveal his potential. After finishing his career from 1996 to 1997, he was arrested twice for possession of illegal substances. Four years later, he was charged with transporting 25 pounds (per minute, 11kg) of marijuana to Michigan, after which he was detained twice more, and in 2003 he was sentenced to 10 years in prison. Bedford was released early after 8 years. In freedom, William got a job as a coach for local basketball players in Memphis.
It wasn't too difficult for Mikan to jump out and not just block shots, but actually take the ball out of the flight path. Therefore, the leadership of the NBA once again had to go to the trick and forbid touching the ball after it passed the highest point of its flight phase. 
Together with the simple method of "Hack a Shaq" - "Foul on Shaq", this gave some trump cards to the teams against which O'Neal played. But even under those conditions, he managed to pound the league's best centers for most of his career. 
