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How many officials are in basketball


Basketball Officials

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An official in basketball is a person responsible for spotting any rule violations and enforcing the appropriate penalties. Officials are vitally important to any basketball game, as they help to ensure a level playing field that prevents either team from having an unfair advantage.

Table of Contents

  • The Basics of Refereeing
  • The Role of the Referee Pregame
  • The Main Role of the Referee
  • Responsibilities
  • Equipment
  • How Many Officials are Assigned to Each Game?
  • Replay Review
  • How to Become a Basketball Official
  • FAQ

The Basics of Refereeing

The referee in basketball is like any other referee in sports; he/she must keep order and make sure that all of the rules are followed. They are allowed to call fouls and violations whenever the rules are not followed, and must enforce consequences clearly to keep the game moving.  No matter the call or time of the game, all come from the officials and always fall to the crew chief or senior official if there is a dispute in any way.

The Role of the Referee Pregame

At any level of basketball the referees have some responsibilities that take place before the game begins. They must make sure every uniform is worn correctly and no violations on this front are visible. Also, they will inspect the court, hoops, and game ball to make sure that it is sufficient and ready to be played with and on. The referees usually meet with the team captains to go over any specific items they need to discuss or just general preparations for the game too.

The Main Role of the Referee

The referee’s main job on the basketball court is to administer fouls and calls whenever the rules are not followed. They must do so to the best of their abilities at all times and without any subjective judgement. Travels, double dribbles, fouls, moving screens, and other violations are all going to happen throughout the game, so the referees must stay on top of it all and make sure the game is always played as fairly as possible.  

Responsibilities

Pre-Game

Basketball officials must perform a number of inspections prior to the start of each game, primarily related to equipment. A few examples include making sure the balls are properly inflated, confirming that each team’s jerseys meet league regulations, checking roster cards for inactive players, and examining the court for any wet spots or other potential slip hazards.

In-Game

During the game, officials are tasked with calling fouls and violations, keeping track of the game clock and handling disputes from coaches/players. Officials need to remain focused and properly positioned throughout the game, as even the smallest mental lapse can represent the difference between making the right or wrong call.

Equipment

Officials are easy to spot on the basketball court, donning a white/black striped shirt and slacks. In other leagues, like the NBA, referees will wear a more subtle grey shirt. Each official also has a whistle hanging around their neck, which is used to alert coaches and players that play has been stopped temporarily.

There are three on-court officials assigned to each NBA game. Each official has a different title and set of responsibilities. These three are referred to as the crew chief, referee, and umpire.

Crew Chief

As the name implies, the crew chief is the head of the entire officiating crew. Duties include making a final ruling when other officials disagree and maintaining a strong line of communication with coaches, scorers, and statisticians.

Referee

Officials that occupy the referee position primarily handle conduct violations. While referees are well-equipped to call contact fouls and illegal positioning, they are mostly relied upon to settle disputes and hand out technical fouls if a player or coach loses control of their emotions and behaves poorly.

Umpire

Umpires handle the clock (making sure the timer knows when to pause and restart the game clock due to a stoppage in play) and basic foul calls. For example, the umpire will likely be the official to hand down a ruling when a defensive player makes contact with an opposing shooter.  

Replay Review

Another type of official that is rarely seen on-screen is the replay center official. When a close play occurs and the on-court officials cannot confidently make a ruling in real-time, they often turn to the replay official. The replay official is generally not on-site and has access to several television screens that show the play in slow-motion from a number of different angles. Watching the play unfold frame by frame with a careful eye ultimately allows the replay official to reach the correct verdict, which is relayed to the on-court officials through a headset. Replays are usually needed when the ball goes out of bounds and officials are unsure of which team touched it last (this determines which team gets possession of the ball).

How to Become a Basketball Official

Becoming a basketball official requires an immense amount of both physical and tactical training. Not only must officials be in strong cardiovascular shape so that they can run up and down the court with ease, they also need to develop communication skills and a concrete understanding of how to interpret each of the league’s many rules.  Regardless of the level (high school, college or professional), there is generally a certification course officials must pass in order to be certified to officiate games by the governing league.

FAQ

How many officials are there in basketball?

In basketball, there are usually three on-court officials. These officials are divided between the crew chief, the referee, and the umpire. While each of these officials are able to call common fouls and determine possession, they will usually be focused on a different set of responsibilities. Additionally, there are also replay officials who review a play through a series of slow motion replays to determine the outcome.

How much do NBA officials get paid?

NBA officials are paid based on their amount of experience in the league. Rookie NBA officials are paid well for their services, with a typical salary sitting at $600 per game they officiate. This equates to roughly $250,000 a year. Meanwhile, veteran officials will make even more. These senior referees often carry more responsibility and will often serve as crew chiefs. On account of their increased importance to the game, veteran officials will often make about $3,500 per game, which comes out to about $500,000 a year. In order to qualify for this pay raise, basketball officials must serve for three to five NBA seasons and demonstrate they are capable of handling increased responsibility. These veteran game officials also tend to officiate the most important games, both in the regular season and playoffs.

What do basketball officials do?

The main responsibility of basketball officials is to make sure that a basketball game is played fairly. While this may seem like a simple task, there are many different factors of the game that officials must monitor. Even before the game starts, officials must make sure that all equipment is in proper order and that no regulations are being violated by either team. During the game, officials are responsible for calling fouls and violations, determining possession, and ensuring that no team is gaining an unfair advantage over another.

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RULE NO. 2: Duties of the Officials

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Section I – The Game Officials

Section II – Duties of the Officials

Section III – Elastic Power

Section IV – Different Decisions by Officials

Section V – Time and Place for Decisions

Section VI – Correcting Errors

Section VII – Duties of Scorers

Section VIII – Duties of Timers

______________________________

Section I—The Game Officials

  1. The game officials shall be a Crew Chief, Referee, Umpire and Replay Center They will be assisted by an official scorer, two trained timers, and courtside administrator. One timer will operate the game clock and the other will operate the shot clock. The courtside administrator will be stationed at the scorer’s table to facilitate communication between the Replay Center Official, on-court game officials, official scorer, and other personnel at the scorer’s table.  All officials shall be approved by the League Office.

Section II—Duties of the Officials

  1. The officials shall, prior to the start of the game, inspect and approve all equipment, including court, baskets, balls, backboards, timer’s and scorer’s equipment.
  2. The officials shall not permit players to play with any type of jewelry.
  3. The officials shall not permit any player to wear equipment which, in their judgment, is dangerous to other players. Any equipment which is of hard substance (casts, splints, guards and braces) must be padded or foam covered and have no exposed sharp or cutting edge. All the face masks and eye or nose protectors must be approved by NBA Basketball Operations and conform to the contour of the face and have no sharp or protruding edges.
  4. The use of any foreign substance during games is strictly prohibited.  A “foreign substance” is any substance that is applied during games to a player’s body, uniform or equipment, or to any game equipment, that is designed or intended to provide a player or a team with a competitive advantage.
  5. All equipment used must be appropriate for basketball. Equipment that is unnatural and designed to increase  a  player’s  height  or  reach,  or  to  gain  an  advantage,  shall  not be  used.
  6. The officials must check the game balls to see that they are properly inflated.  The recommended ball pressure should be between 7 ½ and 8 ½ pounds.
  7. The crew chief shall be the official in charge.
  8. The Replay Center Official will make the final ruling on all replays, except for Flagrant Fouls and Altercations.
  9. If a coach desires to discuss a rule or interpretation of a rule prior to the start of a game or between periods, it will be mandatory for the officials to ask the other coach to be present during the discussion. The same procedure shall be followed if the officials wish to discuss a game situation with either coach.
  10. The designated official shall toss the ball at the start of the game. The crew chief shall decide whether or not a goal shall count if the officials disagree, and he shall decide matters upon which scorers and timers disagree.
  11. All officials shall enter the court prior to the 15-minute mark on the game clock to observe the warm-up period and report to the league office any atypical situations and to review scoring and timing procedures with table personnel.
  12. The crew chief must check the Active List prior to the start of the game.
  13. Officials must meet with team captains prior to the start of the game.
  14. Officials must report any atypical or unique incident to the Basketball and Referee Operations Departments by e-mail. Flagrant, punching, fighting fouls or a team’s failure to have eight players to begin the game must also be reported.

Section III—Elastic Power

The officials shall have the power to make decisions on any point not  specifically covered in the rules. The League Office will be advised of all such decisions at the earliest possible moment.

Section IV—Different Decisions By Officials

  1. The crew chief shall have the authority to set aside or question decisions regarding a rule interpretation made by either of the other officials.
  2. If two officials give conflicting signals as to who caused the ball to go out-of- bounds, they will conference and reconstruct the play in an attempt to make the correct call.  If no resolution is reached, a jump ball will be signaled between the two players involved at the nearest circle. If the two players cannot be identified, the jump ball shall be administered at the center circle between any two opponents in the game. If one official signals and another official clearly knows the call is incorrect, they should conference and the calling official may change the call on the information given. However, if both officials are adamant about their ruling, a jump ball should be held similar to above.
    1. EXCEPTION: Last two minutes of fourth period and last two minutes of overtime. (See Rule 13—Section I—a—(7))
  3. In the event that a violation and foul occur at the same time, the foul will take precedence.
  4. Double Foul (See Rule 12B—Section VI—f).
  5. If the two officials differ on a block/charge foul involving the restricted area and/or lower defensive box, they will conference and share information in an attempt to make the correct If no resolution is reached it will be treated as a double foul (See Rule 12B— Section VI—f).
    1. EXCEPTION: Last two minutes of fourth period and last two minutes of overtime. (See Rule 13—Section I—a—(12))

Section V—Time and Place for Decisions

  1. The officials have the power to render decisions for infractions of rules committed inside or outside the boundary lines.  This includes periods when the game may be stopped for any reason.
  2. When a personal foul or violation occurs, an official will blow his/her whistle to terminate play. The whistle is the signal for the timer to stop the game If a personal foul has occurred, the official will indicate the number of the offender to the official scorer, the type of foul committed and the number of free throws, if any, to be attempted or indicate the spot of the throw-in.  If a violation has occurred the official will indicate (1) the nature of the violation by giving the correct signal (2) the number of the offender, if applicable (3) the direction in which the ball will be advanced.
  3. When a team is entitled to a throw-in, an official shall clearly signal (1) the act which caused the ball to become dead (2) the spot of the throw-in (3) the team entitled to the throw-in, unless it follows a successful field goal or free throw.
  4. When a whistle is erroneously sounded, whether the ball is in a possession or non- possession status, it is an inadvertent whistle and shall be interpreted as a suspension- of-play.
  5. An official may suspend play for any unusual circumstance (See Rule 4  – Section XIII).

Section VI—Correcting Errors

A.    FREE THROWS

Officials may correct an error if a rule is inadvertently set aside and results in the following:

  1. A team not shooting a merited free throw that will remain in play.
    1. EXCEPTION: If the offensive team scores or shoots earned free throws as a result of a personal foul prior to possession by the defensive team the error shall be ignored if more than 24 seconds has expired.
  2. A team not shooting a merited free throw that will not remain in play. The error shall be corrected, all play shall stand and play will resume from the point of interruption with the clocks remaining the same.
  3. A team shooting an unmerited free throw.
  4. Permitting the wrong player to attempt a free throw.
  1. Officials shall be notified of a possible error at the first dead ball.
  2. Errors which occur in the first or third periods must be discovered and rectified prior to the start of the next period.
  3. Errors which occur in the second period must be discovered and the scorer’s table notified prior to the officials leaving the floor at the end of the The error(s) must be rectified prior to the start of the third period.
  4. Errors which occur in the fourth period or overtime(s) must be discovered and rectified prior to the end of the period.
  5. The ball is not in play on corrected free throw attempt(s). Play is resumed at the same spot and under the same conditions as would have prevailed had the error not been discovered.
  6. All play that occurs is to be nullified if the error is discovered within a 24-second time The game clock shall be reset to the time that the error occurred.
    1. EXCEPTION (1): Acts of unsportsmanlike conduct and all flagrant fouls, and points scored therefrom, shall not be nullified.
    2. EXCEPTION (2): If the error to be corrected is for a free throw attempt where there is to be no line-up of players on the free throw lane (technical foul, defensive three seconds, flagrant foul, clear path-to-the-basket foul, punching foul, away-from-the-play foul) the error shall be corrected, all play shall stand and play shall resume from the point of interruption with the clocks remaining the same.

 

 

B.        LINEUP POSITIONS

In any jump ball situation, if the jumpers lined up incorrectly, and the error is discovered:

  1. After more than 24 seconds has elapsed, the teams will continue to shoot for that basket for the remainder of that half and/or If the error is discovered in the first half, teams will shoot at the proper basket as decided by the opening tap for the second half.
  2. If 24 seconds or less has elapsed, all play shall be nullified.
    1. EXCEPTION: Acts of unsportsmanlike conduct, all flagrant fouls, and points scored therefrom, shall not be nullified and play will resume from the original jump ball with players facing the proper direction.

C.        THROW-IN

If the second, third or fourth period or any throw-in begins with the wrong team being awarded possession or the teams facing in the wrong direction, and the error is discovered:

  1. after 24 seconds has elapsed, the error cannot be corrected.
  2. with 24 seconds or less having elapsed, all play shall be nullified.
    1. EXCEPTION: Acts of unsportsmanlike conduct, all flagrant fouls, and points scored therefrom, shall not be nullified.

D.        RECORD KEEPING

A record keeping error by the official scorer which involves the score, number  of personal fouls, team fouls and/or timeouts may be corrected by the officials at any time prior to the end of the fourth period. Any such error which occurs in overtime must be corrected prior to the end of that period.

 

Section VII—Duties of Scorers

  1. The scorers shall record the field goals made, the free throws made and missed and shall keep a running summary of the points scored.  They shall record the personal and technical fouls called on each player and shall notify the officials immediately when a sixth personal foul is called on any player. They shall record the timeouts charged to each team, shall notify a team and its coach through an official whenever that team is granted its final timeout and shall notify the nearest official each time a team is granted a charged timeout in excess of the legal number. In case there is a question about an error in the scoring, the scorer shall check with the crew chief at once to find the discrepancy. If the error cannot be found, the official shall accept the record of the official scorer, unless he has knowledge that forces him to decide otherwise.
    1. NOTE: Rule 14, the Coach’s Challenge, is an experimental rule in effect for the 2019-2020 NBA Season. For the purposes of Rule II, Section VII, the official scorer shall record, only after notification by the on court game officials, if and when a coach uses his/her Coach’s Challenge. The full duties of the official scorer with respect to the Coach’s Challenge are defined in Rule 14—II—c.
  2. The scorers shall keep a record of the names, numbers and positions of the players who are to start the game and of all substitutes who enter the When there is an infraction of the rules pertaining to submission of the active list, substitutions or numbers of players, they shall notify the nearest official immediately if the ball is dead, or as  soon  as  it becomes dead if it is in play when the infraction is discovered. The scorer shall mark the time at which players are disqualified by reason of receiving six personal fouls, so that it may be easy to ascertain the order in which the players are eligible to go back into the game in accordance with Rule 3—Section I.
  3. The scorers shall ask the timer to sound the horn to signal the officials. This may be used when the ball is dead or in certain specified situations when the ball is in control of a given team.  When a player is disqualified from the game, or whenever a penalty free throw is being awarded, the timer will sound the horn to notify the game officials. It is the duty of the scorekeeper to inform the timer to sound the horn and be certain that the officials have acknowledged a player’s sixth personal foul and/or the penalty is in effect.
  4. The scorer shall not signal the officials while the ball is in play, except to notify them of the necessity to correct an error.
  5. Should the scorer sound the horn while the ball is in play, it shall be ignored by the players on the court.   The officials must use their judgment in stopping play to consult with the scorer’s table.
  6. Scorers shall record on the scoreboard the number of team fouls up to a total of five, which will indicate that the team is in a penalty situation.
  7. Scorers shall, immediately, record the name of the team which secures the first possession of the game.

 

Section VIII—Duties of Timers

  1. The timers shall note when each half is to start and shall notify the crew chief and both coaches five minutes before this time, or cause them to be notified at least five minutes before the half is to start.  They shall signal the scorers two minutes before starting time. They shall record playing time and time of stoppages as provided in the rules. The official timer and the 24-second clock operator shall be provided with digital stop watches to be used in case the official timeout, game clock and/or 24-second clocks/game clocks located above the backboards fail to work properly.
  2. At the beginning of the first period, any overtime period or whenever play is resumed by a jump ball, the game clock shall be started when the ball is legally tapped by either of the jumpers.  The 24-second clock will be started when player possession of the ball is obtained. No time will be removed from the game clock and/or 24-second clock if the ball is not legally touched before a violation.
  3. If the game clock has been stopped and the ball is put in play by a throw-in, the game clock and the 24-second clock shall be started when the ball is legally touched by any player on the court.  The starting of the game clock and the 24-second clock will be under the control of the official timer.
  4. During an unsuccessful free throw attempt, the game clock will be started when the ball is legally The 24-second clock will be started when player possession of the ball is obtained.
  5. The game clock shall be stopped at the expiration of time for each period and when an official sounds his/her whistle.   The timers shall record only the actual playing time in the last minute of the first, second and third periods. They shall record only the actual playing time in the last two minutes of the fourth period and the last two minutes of any overtime period(s).
  6. For a charged timeout, the timer shall start the Time-out Clock immediately after an official signals for a timeout and play will not resume until the Time-out Clock has expired.
  7. The game clock and the scoreboard will combine to cause a horn to sound, automatically, when playing time for the period has expired.  If the horn or buzzer fails to sound, or is not heard, the official timer shall use any other means to notify the officials immediately.
  8. In a dead ball situation, if the clock shows :00.0, the period or game is considered to have ended although the horn may not have sounded.

EXCEPTION: See Rule 13

Basketball: official rules of the game in brief

Basketball is a team sport in which players throw the ball with their hands into the opponent's basket. In a duel, 2 teams of 5 field players compete, and the number of substitutions is not limited. The goal of the game is to score more points by throwing into someone else's ring than the opponent. To do this, teams are allowed to dribble and pass according to the official rules.

Today basketball is considered to be one of the most demanded and popular sports on the planet. It is included in the program of the Summer Olympic Games. In addition, world and European championships, various club rating tournaments, for example, the NBA and the Euroleague, are regularly held. Both men and women play professional basketball, but in separate categories (mixed teams are not allowed).

Basic Rules

The International Basketball Rules were adopted in 1932, but have been adjusted more than once. The final set of rules was approved in 2004. It includes all sorts of amendments regarding the nuances of holding national and international tournaments.

The starting line-up for a match must have 10 players on the court (5 from each side). Each team must be in its own half. During the game, the ball can only be touched by hands. Running with the ball is allowed in parallel with hitting it on the floor. It is forbidden to kick the projectile, cover it with the body, throw it into the basket with a fist. A gross violation is a run when a basketball player has taken more than one step with the ball in his hands without hitting it on the floor. In this case, accidentally touching the ball with the foot or back is not considered a violation (at the discretion of the referee).

The victory in the match is won by the team that, after the final beep, scored the most points. In case of a tie, additional time is assigned - 5-minute overtime. If, after the first overtime, the opponents could not determine the winner, a second overtime is assigned, and so on.

For different types of ball hits in the ring, different numbers of points are counted:

  • for a free throw - 1 point;
  • for a throw from close or medium distance - 2 points;
  • for a shot from outside the three-point line - 3 points.

A basketball game always starts with a jump ball in the center circle. Then the teams play for 4 quarters of 10 minutes each with breaks of 2 minutes. In the NBA, a quarter is 12 minutes long. The break in the middle of the match is equal to 15 minutes. After it, the opponents change baskets.

In addition, each team receives 2 time-outs for the first half of the game and 3 time-outs for the second. Their duration is 30 seconds. A time-out taken by one side extends to the other. Unused time-outs may not be carried over to the next half or extra period. In each overtime, the opponents have 1 time-out.

Official competitions may be held indoors or outdoors. The size of the field is 28 by 15 m. The height of the shield is 2.9 m, its dimensions are 1.8 by 1.05 m. The basket is a metal rim covered with a net with a hole in the bottom for the ball. The ring is attached at a distance of 15 cm from the lower edge of the shield and 3.05 m from the field level.

In the men's category, the circumference of the ball should be in the range from 74. 9 to 78 cm, and the mass - from 567 to 650 g. In the women's category, the circumference will be 72.4-73.7 cm, the mass - from 510 to 567 g.

Rule violations

The list of official violations of the rules in basketball includes:

  • Out. Standard position when the ball has gone out of the playing area.
  • Dribbling violation. It is fixed for the following set of actions: dribbling, stopping, covering the projectile with both hands and continuing to dribble.
  • Jogging. The ball carrier moves more than one step without hitting the ball to the floor, or more than two hits without subsequently throwing into the ring.
  • Jump from a place with the ball in hand.
  • 3-Second Rule. An attacking player is in a rectangular area under the opponent's hoop for more than 3 seconds while his team has possession of the ball in the attacking area.
  • 5 second rule. During the throw-in, the player does not put the projectile into play for more than 5 seconds, or the player, while in possession of a “live” ball, does not pass and throw for more than 5 seconds.
  • 8 second rule. The team in possession of the ball in the backcourt did not take it out of the frontcourt line within 8 seconds.
  • 24th second rule. The team in possession of the ball did not make a single shot at the opponent's ring in 24 seconds. The counter is reset when the projectile touches the shackle of the ring. After this touch, the attacking team has the right to rebound and gain possession of an additional 14 seconds.
  • Ball return violation. The attacking team must bring the ball into the defensive zone, after which a new possession begins.

If a player of the attacking team has been infringed, they are entitled to:

  • continuation of the countdown from the moment of stop if the team had 14 or more seconds of possession;
  • a new 14 second possession if the team had less than 14 seconds of possession at the time of the violation;
  • new 24 second possession if the kick-off in the defensive zone will be made by the team in possession of the ball at the time of the infringement.

Types of fouls

A foul in basketball is a foul play violation. It is given by the referee for non-compliance with the rules of personal contact with the opponent or for unsportsmanlike behavior on the court. The player who committed such a violation receives a personal reprimand (foul).

The following types of fouls exist in official tournaments:

  • Personal foul. If the infringement is made against an opponent who is not in the throwing phase, then the offending team shall take the throw-in. In the event of a foul on a player who was in the shooting phase, the affected team will shoot as many free throws as the number of points taken from them by the foul. If the shot during the foul was scored, then the injured player receives an additional 1 free throw.
  • Mutual foul. This refers to a situation where players from different teams commit personal fouls at the same time. As a result, both offenders are punished with a personal foul, but there are no free throws.
  • Offensive foul. It is fixed by the referee for grabbing or interlacing the defender's arm, using an outstretched arm at the moment of dribbling in order to move the opponent to the desired distance from the ball, as well as when pushing the defender away from the teammate in possession of the ball in order to prevent him from taking the projectile.
  • Technical foul. Violation of the rules, not caused by contact with the opponent. It implies disrespect for the referee, coach, opponent, violations of a procedural nature, delay of the game. For such a foul, the opposing team receives 2 free throws.
  • Unsportsmanlike foul. Deliberate violation of the rules when the player did not even try to play the ball. If an unsportsmanlike foul was committed on a player in the shooting stage, then the affected team will attempt a number of free throws equal to the number of points lost. If the foul is committed on a player who is not in the throwing stage, then the injured player performs 2 throws. For 2 such fouls, the player is removed from the court until the end of the match with the possibility of replacement.
  • Disqualifying foul. A gross unsportsmanlike violation for which the player is immediately removed from the site. In this case, a foul can also be received by a spare game, the coach and any official of the team. An additional penalty will be the assignment of free throws to the basket of the offending side (similar to an unsportsmanlike foul).

For 5 personal fouls, the player must leave the pitch, but he is allowed to remain on the bench until the end of the match. A disqualified basketball player must leave the technical area.

Coach may be disqualified for a match:

  • for committing two technical fouls;
  • in the event of one technical foul, whereby a substitute or an official present commits 2 technical fouls;
  • for 3 technical fouls by substitutes or officials.

National Basketball League

NBA (NBA) is considered the main national tournament in the world. Represents the men's professional league in North America, which involves the best basketball clubs in the United States and Canada. The NBA is one of the TOP-4 professional sports leagues in North America (NHL, NFL, MLB) and is widely covered by hundreds of TV channels around the world.

The

League was formed in 1946 as the Basketball Association of America, but was later expanded and renamed the NBA. The League's headquarters is based in New York City at the Olympic Power Building. Since 2004, the tournament has included 30 teams, which are divided geographically into the Western and Eastern conferences. In turn, each conference consists of 3 divisions of 5 clubs. Teams play the regular season first, then top out in the playoff rounds:

  • Regular season.

The first stage of the NBA championship lasts 171 days. The season starts in early October. For 171 days, each team plays 82 matches, that is, approximately every other day. Such a density of games often leads to injuries to basketball players, but the organizers do not deviate from the usual format due to the financial side of the issue (television rights, advertising, etc. ).

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During the regular season, each club plays 4 games against divisional opponents, 4 games against 6 teams in its own conference, 3 games against the remaining 4 clubs in its own conference, and 2 games against each team in the opposing conference. The season calendar is based on the results of the previous season and the wishes of the team management. At the same time, matches can be played even on Christmas holidays.

In February, the regular season goes on a short break for a stellar weekend. For several days, the League organizes various basketball-related competitions, and completes the festive program of events with the NBA All-Star Game.

  • Playoffs.

The elimination stage starts at the end of April. The playoffs feature the top 8 teams from each conference. At the same time, the first 4 places in the conference receive 3 division winners and the best team in terms of winning ratio in the regular season. The remaining 4 places for this conference go to the teams with the best difference of wins and losses.

A pair of teams determines the winner in a series of matches up to 4 wins. Theoretically, a confrontation series can include from 4 to 7 games. Home court advantage is given to the team with the highest win rate. Until the semi-finals, only opponents from their own conference can meet in one branch of the tournament grid. The semi-finals determine the winner of the conference, while the Grand Finals help determine the best NBA team entered for the season.

Euroleague draw

Euroleague is Europe's leading basketball tournament for men's club teams. Only representatives of countries included in the European structure of FIBA ​​(International Basketball Federation) can participate in it. The name of the tournament may change depending on the sponsorship contract, for example Turkish Airlines Euroleague. Euroleague matches are broadcast in more than 200 countries around the world.

Only clubs that have received a long-term license based on the Euroleague club rating can take part in the tournament. Championships in national championships, victories in Eurocups and other achievements are taken into account.

Euroleague draw consists of 3 stages:

  • Regular season.

It is attended by 16 teams, which are collected in one group. The grid is simple: each team plays one match at home and away with each opponent from the table (30 matches in total). The games of this European Cup tournament are held according to a special calendar, approximately 3-4 rounds per month (on weekdays). At the end of the regular season, the top 8 teams are determined, which automatically advance to the playoff round.

  • Quarter-finals.

The first round of the non-eliminating tournament consists of 4 pairs. The first place plays with the eighth, the second - with the seventh, the third - with the sixth, the fourth - with the fifth. The advantage of the home court is given to the team that took the highest place in the previous stage. A series of matches is played up to 3 wins. The winners of the pairs advance to the Final Four.

  • Final four.

The final stage of the Euroleague is held according to the Olympic system at one stadium for 2 days. On the first day, the semi-finals are played, on the second - the match for 3rd place and the main final. At each stage, the teams hold one face-to-face meeting.

International team tournaments

The most significant tournaments among national basketball teams include:

  • World Championship.

This is the most rated and prestigious tournament for national teams, which is held under the auspices of FIBA. The World Cup is held every 4 years among men's teams. The debut draw of the championship took place in 1950 in Buenos Aires and brought together only 10 teams under its banner. The winner of that tournament was the team of Argentina, which managed to beat the powerful US team in a bitter struggle. From 19For 53 years, the Women's Basketball World Cup has been held every 4 years. The first world champions were Americans.

For the first time, Soviet male basketball players won the World Cup in 1967, and women - in 1959. Today, Russian teams regularly qualify for the main championship of the planet, but rarely compete for medals. Americans, Serbs, Spaniards, Greeks, Argentines are considered the flagships of world basketball.

  • European Championship.

Tournament for national teams of European countries. It is held every 2 years. The debut championship among men was played at 1935, among women - in 1938. The best result of victories at the European Championship was with the USSR team, which took gold 14 times. The Russian national team is traditionally ranked among the favorites of the tournament, regularly making it to the decisive rounds of the playoffs.

  • Olympic Games.

Basketball was first introduced at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin. In 1904, only exhibition matches of the best basketball players in the United States were held. It was the Americans who became the first Olympic champions in basketball, who are still considered the main favorites of each next Olympic Games. The USSR team took gold for the first time at 1972 year. The debut women's tournament at the Olympics was held in 1976. Today, professional basketball players are allowed to the Olympic championship.

Development history

The idea of ​​creating basketball belongs to the American teacher of the Massachusetts College J. Naismith. In December 1891, he decided to diversify the traditional gymnastics classes and tied two peach baskets to the railing of the balcony of the sports hall. The students were divided into two teams, whose members had to throw the maximum number of balls into their basket.

Naismith's game was only vaguely reminiscent of modern basketball, since there was no dribbling, and players could only throw a projectile to themselves, standing still, and throw it into the basket in any way. Nevertheless, the game became popular in the US and Canada. It was included in an expanded physical training program for students in schools and colleges. Gradually, the rules began to improve, dribbling, zoning of the site, shields appeared.

The formation of professional basketball took place at the beginning of the 20th century with the emergence of a number of serious basketball clubs. The main problem of the initial stage of the development of the discipline was the lack of a single organization that could control the activities of teams and leagues. The players could easily play for different teams, and the meetings themselves were held in sports halls that did not meet the standards.

In 1932, the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) was formed in Geneva. This organization began to gradually unite national basketball associations and make demands for official tournaments. Thanks to FIBA, basketball has gained worldwide popularity.

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3.2 Types fouls……………………………………………………………...….8

Conclusion……………………………………………… ………………………….10

References……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Introduction

Basketball "ball") - a sports team game with a ball in which the ball is thrown with hands into basket (ring) of the opponent.

European basketball, and hence its rules, is governed by FIBA, the International Basketball Federation, founded in distant 1932 in Rome. The first countries that created this federation, were: Argentina, Italy, Greece, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland and Portugal; and then the organization was called "International Amateur Federation basketball." Yes, indeed, at first all European basketball was called amateur, and only American athletes were considered professionals. AT In 2000, the organization changed its name, removing the word "amateur", but the abbreviation remained, for sure, as a tribute to traditions.

The official rules of basketball are set out on 93 pages detailing each element basketball. For example, the first paragraph of the first article tells us that is the game of basketball: "Basketball is played by two (2) teams, each which are five (5) players each. The goal of each team is to score the ball into the opponents' basket and prevent the other team from throwing it into the basket." However, despite such a detailed description of the rules of the game of basketball, every day the players have some questions about the interpretation of the rules basketball.

1. History basketball

Modest college teacher Christian Association of Springfield, Massachusetts named James Naismith. Found a way to diversify physical education lessons in college. one December 1891, he tied two peach baskets to the balcony railing. gym and, dividing eighteen students into two teams, proposed them a game, the meaning of which was to throw more balls into the opponents' basket.

school years when kids played the old game of duck-on-a-rock.

Quite pragmatically called "basketball" the game, of course, only remotely resembled the enchanting spectacle that we know by that name today. Dribbling did not exist, the players they only threw it to each other, standing still, and strived, then throw it into the basket, and only with both hands from below or from the chest, and after a successful throw, one of the players climbed onto the ladder and retrieved the ball from the basket. From a modern point of view, the actions of commands seemed sluggish and sluggish to us, but Dr. Naismith's goal was create a game that is collective, in which it would be possible to involve at the same time a large number of participants, and his invention met this task in full measure.

2. Location game arrangements and equipment

The game is played on a rectangular court 28 long and 15 m wide (previously, its dimensions were, respectively, 26 × 14 m) a special ball.

Ball weight 567-650 grams, circumference 749–780 mm (in games of men's teams; in games of women's teams, balls are used smaller sizes, and even smaller in mini-basketball matches). Basketball There are two types of balls: intended for playing only indoors (indoor) and universal, i.e. suitable for both indoor and outdoor use (indoor/outdoor). Basket (metal ring with a diameter of 45 cm stretched over it with a net without a bottom) is mounted at a height of 3.05 m on a shield mounted on a rack parallel to the front lines of the site.

Until the end of the 1960s, official competitions were held both outdoors and in gyms. FROM 1968 all official matches are held indoors only. The largest basketball tournaments are usually held in halls with a height of at least 7 m.

height of 3.05 meters from the floor. Rings must have the following design: material – strong steel, minimum internal diameter 45 cm and maximum internal diameter 45.7 cm, painted orange.

- the ring must be attached to the structure shield

- the upper plane of the ring must be located horizontally at a height of 3.05 m above the surface of the site on equal distance from the vertical edges of the shield;

- the nearest point of the inner part of the ring should be located at a distance of 15 cm from the front surface of the shield;

Nets must be made as follows way:

- they must be made of white cord, suspended from the hoop and designed to hold the ball momentarily, when it passes through the basket. The length of the net must be at least 40 cm and not more than 45 cm;

- mesh must have 12 loops for fastening to the ring;

- the upper part of the mesh must be rigid enough to prevent from: (casting a net over the ring and its possible entanglement; ball in the net or throwing it back with the net).

Two shields must be made of appropriate transparent material. Shields can also be made from other material (or materials), but must meet the above requirements, and be painted white.

Dimensions of boards must be: 1.80 m (+ 3 cm) horizontally and 1.05 m (+ 2 cm) vertically. The bottom edges of the shields should be located at a height of 2.90 m from the surface of the site.

Face of two boards: must be smooth, the edges should be marked with a line, applied behind the ring rectangle. External dimensions of the rectangle: 59 cm horizontally and 45 cm vertically vertical. The top edge of the base of the rectangle should be level. the upper plane of the ring, all lines should be drawn as follows: white if the shield is transparent, black otherwise.

Fig.1. Field for the game.

3. Rules games

Two teams play basketball. Usually the team consists of 12 people, 5 of which are field, and the rest are considered substitutes.

Dribbling in basketball. Athletes, those in possession of the ball must move around the field, hitting it on the floor. Otherwise In this case, "carrying the ball" will be counted, and this is a violation of the rules in basketball. Accidentally touching the ball with a body part other than the hand is not considered violation, as opposed to purposeful play with the foot or fist.

Basketball match consists of 4 periods or halves, but the time of each half (game time) varies depending on basketball association. So, for example, in the NBA the match consists of 4 halves of 12 minutes, and in FIBA ​​each such half lasts 10 minutes.

There are short periods between periods breaks, and between the second and third periods, the break time is increased.

A basketed ball may bring a different number of points for his team. If the ball is scored during a free kick throw, the team earns 1 point. If the ball is thrown from an average or close distance (closer than the 3-point line), then the team is given 2 points. three points the team earns if the ball is scored from behind the three-point line.

If in regular time both teams scored the same number of points, then a 5-minute overtime is assigned, if it has ended into a draw, then the next one is assigned, and so on until the winner.

The 3 second rule is a rule that prohibits any player on the attacking team from being in the free throw zone more than three seconds.

Two step rule in basketball. Player is only allowed to take two steps with the ball, after which he must either shoot or pass.

The match starts in the center of the court. Referee tosses the ball straight up between two opposing players. In that the moment they touch the ball (you can’t pick up the ball), the countdown starts game time. After each whistle of the referee, the stopwatch stops - and with resuming the game turns on again. (Accordingly, in basketball there are "live ball" and "dead ball".) Game time is fixed by the judge-timekeeper. Previously, matches under the auspices of the International Amateur Basketball Federation (FIBA) consisted of 2 halves of 20 minutes of pure playing time. According to new rules adopted in 2000, a match consists of four halves of 10m pure time each (in the NBA - from four halves of 12 m each) with 2-minute breaks between the first and second, third and fourth halves, a break in the middle of the match - 15 m.

Previously, a player could have possession of the ball unlimited time. In the 1960s of the last century, a 30-second (FIBA) and 24-second (NBA) limit: after it expires, the team loses the ball. By FIBA rules of 2000, teams are also given no more than 24 seconds. The judging panel includes the so-called operator 24 seconds, who enforces this rule. In addition, there are also "rule of three seconds" (how much time an attacking team player can be in the opponent’s restricted area, which is sometimes called “3-second zone") and the "eight second rule" (during this time, the team that took possession of the ball on own half of the court, must move him from the backcourt to the frontcourt).

There are no draws in basketball. If by the end of regular time of the match, the score is equal, additional 5-minute time - overtime. If neither team is in overtime does not achieve victory, another additional five-minute period is assigned, etc. An exception is possible if, according to the rules of the competition, the teams hold pair meetings (according to the so-called cup system): then in the first match can be considered a draw, and the winner of the pair is determined by the results of the second game.

According to FIBA ​​rules, on official In competitions, players compete under numbers 4 to 15. Numbers "1", "2" and "3" as numbers are not currently used. Among the special gestures used by the referees during the match, there are also gestures with these numbers: for example, when the referee points out a violation of the "three second rule" or indicates how many free throws the injured player must attempt commands. In the same way, on the fingers, the referee shows the match secretary the number a player who is punished by a personal remark. To avoid confusion, it was decided to abolish numbers 1, 2 and 3.

Basketball rules prohibit hitting an opponent on the hands, push him, hold him with his hands, step on his feet, meet leg (both straight and bent at the knee). The player who allowed any of these violations, a personal warning (foul) is declared. If the athlete received during the match five fouls (in the NBA - six), he is sent off the field until the end of the meeting and replaced by one of the substitutes.

3.1 Offenses in play

- out - ball is out of bounds basketball court.

- jogging - the player carrying the ball makes leg movements more than allowed by the rules.

- violations of dribbling - carrying the ball, double guidance.

- 3 seconds - offensive player lingers for more than three seconds in the free throw area when with the ball and is in the offensive zone.

- 5 seconds - the thrower does not part with the ball within five seconds.

- 8 seconds - the team that started possession, did not leave his zone with him in the attack zone.

- 24 seconds - dribbling team, over 24 seconds did not make an accurate shot on the ring. The team is given a new 24 seconds, if the thrown ball touches the ring

- violation of the return of the ball to the protection zone (or just the zone rule) - the team in possession of the ball moves it out of the zone attacks in the defense zone.

- foul - non-compliance with the rules, unsportsmanlike behavior. Basketball rules do not allow hitting an opponent on the hands, pushing, hold the player with your hands.

3.2 Types of fouls

- personal foul

- technical violation behavior)

- disqualifying foul (gross, intentional foul)

The player who received 5 during the game fouls (6 fouls in the NBA) leaves the basketball court and is not allowed to take part in this match, but can watch the game from the bench spare. A player who receives a disqualifying foul cannot even watch the match from the bench.

The coach of the team in in the following cases:

- if he commits two technical fouls;

- substitute or official teams committed three technical fouls;

- the team coach completed one technical foul and a team official or substitute commits two technical foul.

Each foul counts against the team fouls, with the exception of technical fouls received by the team coach, player on the bench or a team official.

A personal foul is a foul which received by the player as a result of personal contact during the game.

Penalty: If a foul is committed on a player, which is not in the throw stage, then:

- if the team has not yet scored 5 team fouls or is committed by a player whose team was in possession of the ball, the injured the team administers the throw-in;

- otherwise injured player makes two free throws.

If a foul is committed on a player who is in the throw stage, then:

- if the throw was effective, then it counts and the injured player shoots one free throw;

- if the roll was unsuccessful, then the player who is injured, shoots as many free throws as the team has earned, be the throw successful.

An unsportsmanlike foul is one that is made as a result of a contact in which the player did not attempt to play the ball, according to the rules of the game.

Penalty: If a foul is committed on a player, which is in the throwing stage, then proceed in the same way as in the case of personal foul. In the event that a foul is committed on a player who does not is in the throwing stage, the injured player takes two free throws throw. After free throws have been taken, the injured team Throw-in from out of bounds at the center line extended. The exception is fouls that were committed before the start of the first period. AT In this case, after the execution of the free throws, a controversial draw is performed. throw (as in the cases of the beginning of the game). If one player for one match, two unsportsmanlike fouls are committed, it is mandatory disqualify.

A disqualifying foul is a foul that is the result of flagrant unsportsmanlike conduct by a player. A disqualifying foul can be received by the main players and substitutes, coach and team official.

Penalty: number of free throws and the subsequent throw-in after them is awarded in the same way as for an unsportsmanlike foul.

A technical foul is a foul which called without direct contact with the opponent. It could be disdainful behavior towards judges, opponents, deliberate game delay, as well as procedural violations.

Penalty: Two free throws are scored by any player from the team that did not violate the rules of the game. Throw-in handled similarly to an unsportsmanlike foul, after free throws have been made the injured party.

The winner is the team which during the game was able to score more points. In case of a tie after the end of the regular time of the game, overtime is assigned, usually this additional five minutes of the game, if this time is not enough, second, third, etc. are assigned until one of the teams scores more points, and no winning team will be declared.

Summary

Basketball is a popular sport. Per more than a century of history, he won a huge number of admirers around the world. the world. Its inherent high emotionality and entertainment, diversity manifestations of physical qualities and motor skills, intellectual abilities and mental abilities attract to the game an ever-increasing the interest of millions of fans in our country. Basketball consists of natural movements (walking, running, jumping) and specific motor actions without the ball (stops, turns, side steps, feints etc.), as well as with the ball (catching, passing, dribbling, throwing). confrontation, whose goals are to take the opponent's basket and defend one's own, causes manifestation of all vital physical qualities for a person: speed, speed-strength and coordination abilities, flexibility and endurance. AT work involves almost all functional systems of his body, the main mechanisms of energy supply are switched on. Athletic achievement result requires from the players determination, perseverance, determination, courage, self-confidence, a sense of collectivism. Such comprehensive and complex impact on those involved gives the right to consider Basketball is not only an exciting sport, but also one of the most effective means of physical and moral education in various age periods.

References

1. Nesterovsky Dmitry Ivanovich, Basketball.

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