How to draw a foul in basketball

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Personal foul (basketball)

Zoran Dragic (right) contacts Carl English and commits a foul.

In basketball, but personal foul violation of the rules regarding illegal personal contact with the opponent. This is the most common type of foul in basketball. Player fouls on reaching the personal foul limit of the game and is disqualified from the remainder of the game.

Players usually initiate illegal contact to deliberately influence the course of the game, hoping that it will be considered too minor to be considered a foul. The threshold is subjective and varies among officials and from game to game. Most contact fouls are not considered unsportsmanlike. However, excessive or unjustified contact is punished more severely. The NBA calls them flagrant fouls ; other rulebooks call them unsportsmanlike or disqualifying fouls.

Content

• 1 History
• 2 Principles
  • 2.1 cylinder
  • 2.2 Acts of time and distance
• 3 Types of foul
  • 3 Fouls away from the ball
  • 3.4 Other personal fouls
  • 3.5 Not foul
• 4 Penalties
  • 4.1 Strategy
  • 4.2 Summary
• 5 Notes
• 6 Recommendations
• 7 External link

History

Max Bilfeldt from 2012-13 Male basketball team Michigan Wolverines playing against the North-West 3 2012–13 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season opener.

There has always been a concept of fouls in basketball. In 1891 James Naismith original 13 rules ^[1] defined a foul as:

• running with the ball
• holding the ball with hands or body
• punching the ball
• spitting, holding, pushing, hitting or tripping over an opponent in any way.

Only the fourth definition remains. Running with the ball and punching are now infractions. Holding the ball with the hands or body is now rare, but legal.

Initially, the player's second foul was sent off without replacement until the next successful goal (similar to an ice hockey penalty). Soon, free throws were introduced, initially worth three points, then one. Initially, free throws were allowed to be taken by any member of the team. At 19In 1924, the rules were changed and the fouled player took free throws.

The contact foul victim was normally given three free throw attempts and the foul kept possession of the basketball. Now the player fouled in the act of shooting gets one to three shots, and the other team tends to get the ball afterwards (see Penalties below).

Principles

Personal contact need not be a personal foul unless it gives the player an advantage or disadvantages an opponent.

Cylinder

In FIBA, the cylinder principle gives each player exclusive rights within an imaginary cylinder defined by:

• in front of the palms of the hands when the arms are bent at the elbows so that the forearms and hands are raised, but not in front of the feet ,
• behind the buttocks,
• on the sides with the outer edge of the arms and legs.

The cylinder extends from floor to ceiling, allowing the player to jump up.

A player may occupy any cylinder not yet occupied by an opponent. No one else is allowed to step on or touch this cylinder. The player must not extend the limbs or bend the body in an abnormal way. If there is a violation of this principle that puts the opponent at a disadvantage, the referee may penalize him.

The NBA does not use the cylinder principle to determine contact; it only says that the player cannot bend or reach in a non-standard position (neither pushing nor holding, etc.).

Elements of time and distance

In elements of time and distance touch the reaction time and distance of another person. They only apply to players without the ball, not to the player with the ball. For example, a player cannot suddenly stand in front of a running player without even invading the cylinder. Another example is when the player places a screen directly behind the player: the player will not physically be able to react to the screen in time to avoid it.

Types of foul

Justin Doellman, then Valencia Basket player was fouled in a Eurocup match.

Charging and blocking

"Offensive fouls" redirect here. For the Canadian play, see Offensive fouls.

When significant ^{[n 1]} there is illegal contact between a ball carrier and a defender, this usually means that either -

• The defender committed blocking foul, or
• The ball carrier committed offensive foul of charging .

The choice between them is complex, partly subjective and often controversial.

In general, the ball carrier has committed an offense if all of the following conditions are met:

• The defender was stationary or moving sideways or backwards but not forwards when contact was made.
• Defender has taken legal guarding position before contact, i.e. with both feet on the floor.
• The defender was hit in the torso (not in the arm or leg).

In the NBA, on contact while moving towards the basket, the referees do not take into account the position of the defender's legs, but decide whether the defending player's torso was in place before the offensive player began to move up. ^[2] The exception is that an attacking foul is not normally called if the player carrying the ball is within 4 feet (1.22 m) of the center of the basket (known in the rules as the "no-go zone" and sometimes colloquially as "smiling face" ^[3] ). That is, if the ball carrier is under the basket, the defense usually cannot restrict his or her movement by striking. However, a charge may be declared if the offensive player receives the ball in an area close to the basket, known as the "bottom guard"

The associated call is player controlled foul . ^{[n 2]}

Strategy

In addition to using his hands in neutral space to defend or deflect a pass or shot, the defender uses his body to prevent the ball carrier from advancing towards the basket. The only absolute way for a defender to achieve this is to stand directly in the path of the ball carrier and "draw the attack". Without this, the defender's use of the body can cause the ball carrier to hesitate or change tactics. Both opponents are restrained by the desire not to commit a foul.

Catching the ball or touching the ball carrier's hand while on the ball is not a foul, but the ball carrier, especially in the act of shooting, can easily cause more contact, which is a blocking foul. against the defender.

After contact occurs, the defender may fall to the ground to exaggerate the force of the collision and cause a foul. (The ball handler rarely does this, as it can interfere with a goal.) Blatant cheating is disparagingly called "flopping" and is punished at all levels of basketball.

Screening

A screening - an attacker's attempt to prevent a defender from defending a ball carrier. For example, John Stockton and Karl Malone were well known for their pick and roll (or screen and roll) play. A teammate of the player in possession of the ball acts as a spotter; he stands in the way of the defender when the ball carrier passes the screen. This at least costs the defender time and may cause a collision. Or leaves the player with the ball unattended. However, if the ball player moves towards the ball carrier when contact occurs, or fails to take into account the elements of time and distance, or initiates contact, he is charged with illegal screening or setting moving selection . These are blocking fouls.

Other fouls on ball carrier

In the NBA, the ball carrier may not attempt to dribble past a defender if there is not enough room, such as dribble between a defender and a boundary player or another defender. If the ball carrier has room to go around the defender with his head and shoulders, then the defender is responsible.

FIBA ​​does not codify this rule, but contact caused by the leading player is still penalized.

Fouls away from the ball

The rules are symmetrical for contact between attackers and defenders not involving the ball carrier. Any player is entitled to legal position on the court. A player in a position that will hinder an opponent must take into account the elements of time and distance; that is, not to take a position so close or so fast that the enemy cannot avoid contact. This includes gradually slowing down after running with an opponent and situations where the opponent does not see the player's movement.

Other personal fouls

• Pushing - Contact that displaces an opponent (eg pushing a player away from the basket or using body weight to influence a player's movements).
• Holding - Contact that interferes with a player's freedom of movement (eg physically grabbing a player walking towards the basket).
• Unlawful use of hands - Reaching hands outside the top hat and causing unlawful contact (eg, attempted theft, but hitting a player's hand or hand, or hitting a shooter's hand).
• Manual check - Defense contact with a dribbler that interferes with the player's speed, quickness, rhythm and/or balance.
• Illegal use of the elbow - Bringing the elbow out of the cylinder to put the opponent at a disadvantage. It mostly happens during play after play when the offense or defense is trying to get in the best position.
• Illegal use of legs or knees (on a dunk): Jumping one knee forward to intentionally hit a defender.

Not foul

The referees, who called every case of illegal player contact, dominated the game, except for the athletes, but the reluctance to make calls made the game excessively violent. The rules instruct referees to seek a balance between these extremes, but do not define it. ^{[n 3]}

When players are challenging for an out-of-bounds ball and one player makes illegal but minor contact, referees often do not consider the foul to be justified but resolve the situation by simply giving possession of the ball to the other team .

Tackle foul is a misnomer. Moving towards a player is not a foul, although physical contact may be considered a foul.

Penalties

The official scorer records the foul on the two counts of fouls on the score sheet:

• As foul by player against the offender during play. A player who scores too many fouls receives a penalty (see below).
• As team foul against the offending player's team during the current quarter or half. A team that has accumulated too many fouls during this period goes into a penalty situation and places the other team on a "bonus". In men's college basketball (but not women's), a different, higher number of team fouls gives the other team a "double bonus" in terms of free throws. (See article on free throws.)

On a foul committed by the defense (and foul on a wicked ball when neither team is in possession of the ball), if the fouling team is in a penalty situation or the fouled player was in the act of throwing, then the fouled player is awarded free throws. Otherwise, and in the case of offensive fouls, the offending player's team is granted possession of the ball to pass within the playing court from the out-spot closest to the foul. In the clock for the shot dropped.

In some rulebooks, eg FIBA, a technical foul counts in the player's foul count.

If the game goes to after some time, the foul counter is not reset but continues as if the extra time was a continuation of the final regulation period. The NBA and WNBA are exceptions as each extra period has its own team foul count.

Free throws plus possession

The NBA awards a fouled player with free throws followed by possession in the following cases:

• A flagrant foul.
• Defensive foul when the ball carrier is in the frontcourt with a clear path to the basket (no defender is between the ball carrier and the basket). ^[4]
• Away from the ball foul in the last two minutes of the game.

Strategy

Sam Van Rossom scores a two-point shot and is fouled in the same game.

Fans and commentators often talk about a "good foul" when a foul player would otherwise have scored the right ball. By fouling a player and preventing an easy two points, the defender forces the attacker to "earn" two points from free throws. However, if the foul does not prevent the player from scoring a goal, the basket counts and the fouled player receives an additional free throw.

After the offending player shoots free throws, the defensive team is likely to intercept the ball. This is a reward if the last free throw was taken. Even if it is missed, defenders can get into better positions on the edge of the lane to get the rebound.

Near the end of the game, the losing team may intentionally foul the attacking players to stop the clock and regain possession of the ball, in the hope that the player will miss their free throws. Coaches study free throw percentage so that the defense can foul a ball carrier who does not do well on a free throw. The "Hack-a-Shaq" strategy was widely used against Shaquille O'Neal due to his poor percentage. The defense is not free to foul of choice on the five offensive players, as a "away from the ball" foul results in free throws plus possession. The use of deliberate fouls to extend play is unique in basketball; most other sports consider such maneuvers a form of unsportsmanlike conduct and impose stiffer penalties on teams that attempt them (see professional foul and unfair act in football codes).

Foul give

Towards the end of the game, a team may commit so few fouls that they can commit one or more fouls without receiving a bonus from the opponent. It is said that the team has one or more fouls to give . A player who is not close to fouling may foul an opponent with impunity to prevent a likely outcome.

To prevent games from getting bogged down in cheap fouls, NBA rules stipulate that a second foul in the last two minutes of the half gives the fouled team a bonus (allowing free throws) regardless of the number of team fouls.

Fouling

A player who commits five personal fouls in a 40-minute game ^{[n 4]} or six in a 48-minute game fouls and is disqualified for the remainder of the game. The player is within one or two fouls before a "foul" foul. Players who violate the rules are not sent off and may remain on the bench until the end of the game. Violation of the rules of the game is not a disciplinary sanction.

In the NCAA and FIBA, if a team has fewer than five players due to a foul, injury, or throw, play continues. A team is declared the loser if it is reduced to one player.

This rule was enforced in an NCAA game between the Minnesota Golden Gophers and the Alabama Crimson Tide on November 25, 2017. With 1:39 p.m. left in the second half, a brawl broke out involving Minnesota players and Alabama players on the bench. . The entire Alabama bench was thrown out, leaving just five active players in the Crimson Tide. Alabama's Dazon Ingram fouled at 11:37 and John Petty left the game with a sprained ankle, forcing the Tide to play the final match at 10:41 with three players.

In the NBA and WNBA, the number of players cannot be less than five. And the penalty for a player's foul is when only five qualifying players remain. If there are only five players, the player who violated the rules remains in the game. If another of the five players is thrown out or injured, the last fouler is returned to the game. Under the player's foul penalty rule, each situation results in a technical foul, with the non-offending team attempting one free throw for a technical foul. If that player commits another foul, the opponent will be awarded one additional free throw in the same situation in addition to any free throws awarded, including offensive fouls that are not normally awarded free throws. Each such situation will count as a technical foul related to unsportsmanlike conduct. These technical fouls are not unsportsmanlike conduct and therefore do not result in exclusion from the game.

This rule allows Don Otten to set the NBA record for most personal fouls in a regular season game. He committed eight fouls while playing for the Tri-Cities Blackhawks (now the Atlanta Hawks) against the Sheboygan Red Skins on November 24, 1949. ^[5] This rule also applied in a game between the Los Angeles Lakers and the Cleveland Cavaliers on February 5, 2014. ^[6] The Lakers had five players left due to injury when Robert Sacre stayed in the game after a foul. ^[7]

In FIBA ​​Authorized 3x3 In half court competitions, players cannot foul because personal foul counts are only on a team basis and not individually. ^[8] However, unsportsmanlike and disqualifying fouls (equivalent to flagrant fouls in most North American rule sets) are charged to individuals, and a player who commits two unsportsmanlike fouls or one disqualifying foul is ejected from the game. ^{[9] [10]}

In the NBA, two technical fouls or one rough 2 (unnecessary and excessive contact) are disqualifying fouls. Team technical fouls may accumulate on substitutes and staff. The coaching staff is also subject to exclusion from the game. Ejected personnel may also incur a fine. 9 Article 38: Disqualifying Foul (PDF).

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